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Rabbinical Shabbat Prohibitions
Laws of the Calendar
Sources
A
The Sages taught
in a
Tosefta
:
One may open
a canal that passes adjacent to a garden
on Shabbat eve at nightfall,
so that
water
will flow
into a garden
and the garden
continuously fills
with water
all day long
on Shabbat.
Similarly, one may place incense,
perfumed herbs placed on coals to produce a fragrance, on coals
beneath the clothes on Shabbat eve and
the clothes
may be continuously perfumed all day long. And,
similarly…
Shabbat 18a:5-18b:6
However, if
he
both
insulated
it
and covered
it
with something that may not be moved on Shabbat, or if he insulated
it
in something that may be moved on Shabbat and covered it with something that may not be moved on Shabbat, if
the pot
was partially exposed, he may remove
the pot and the cover will fall on its own
and
then
return
it to its place.
And if
the pot was
not
partially exposed,
he may not remove
the pot
and
then
return
it to its place…
Shabbat 51a:13-51b:3
MISHNA:
This mishna enumerates actions that may only be performed on Shabbat eve if the prohibited labor will be totally or mostly completed while it is still day.
One may only roast meat, an onion, or an egg if
there remains
sufficient
time
so that they could be roasted while it is still day. One may only place
dough to bake into
bread in the oven
on Shabbat eve
at nightfall, and
may only place
a cake on the coals, if
there is time
enough that
the
surface
of this cake or bread
will form a crust while it is still day…
Shabbat 19b:6-20b:4
The Sages taught
in the
Tosefta
:
Although
the Sages
said
that
one may not insulate
hot food,
even in something that does not add heat after nightfall
on Shabbat,
if he comes to add
to the material in which he insulated the food on Shabbat eve,
he may add
to it even on Shabbat.
How
should
he do
it?
Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: He takes the sheets
with which he insulated a pot
and places the heavy blankets,
which provide better insulation, in their place…
Shabbat 51a:10-12
Why did
the Sages
say
that
one may not insulate
hot water for Shabbat
in something that adds heat, even while it is still day?
It is
a decree lest one come to cover it in hot ashes that contain
a glowing
ember.
People may not differentiate between addition of heat by means of hot ashes and other additions of heat.
Abaye said to him: Let him insulate
it with hot ashes, what is the problem? Rava answered him: It is
a decree lest one come to stoke the coals
in order to make them burn on Shabbat and thereby violate a Torah prohibition.
Shabbat 34b:1
And Rava said: Why did they say
that
one may not insulate
hot water even
in something that does not add heat
, but only retains the pre-existing heat,
from nightfall
on Friday? It is
a decree lest one
come to
boil
the pot on Shabbat.
Abaye said to him: If so
, if it is due to concern that one may boil it, then
during twilight we should also issue a decree
and prohibit insulating in something that does not add heat. Rava
said to him:
During twilight, there is no reason to be concerned because at that time
most pots are boiling…
Shabbat 34a:10
It is permissible to begin the performance of a [forbidden] labor on Friday, even though the labor is completed on its own accord on the Sabbath itself, for the prohibition against work applies only on the Sabbath itself. Moreover, when a task is carried out on its own accord on the Sabbath, we are permitted to derive benefit from what was completed on the Sabbath. What is implied? We may open an irrigation channel to a garden on Friday, causing it to continue to fill throughout [the Sabbath] day…
Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 3-4
Rather, Rav Ashi said: Actually,
it is referring to a case where he stuck the bread in the oven
intentionally. And say,
emend the text as follows:
Before he comes to
violate
a prohibition
punishable by
stoning.
Indeed,
Rav Aḥa, son of Rava, would teach it explicitly
in that manner; not as a dilemma, but rather, as a halakhic ruling. According to his version,
Rav Beivai bar Abaye said:
With regard to one who
stuck bread in an oven
on Shabbat eve…
Shabbat 4a:9
Beit Shammai say: One may spread traps
for an
animal and birds and fish only
if there is sufficient time remaining in the day
for them to be trapped
in them
while it is still day, and Beit Hillel permit
doing so even if there is not sufficient time remaining in the day.
Beit Shammai say: One may only sell
an item
to a gentile
on Shabbat eve,
and
one
may only load
a burden on his donkey
with him, and
one
may only lift
a burden
on him if
there remains
sufficient time for
the gentile
to arrive to a near…
Shabbat 17b:7
The mishna relates
a story about the people of
the city of
Tiberias, and they ran a cold-water pipe [
silon
] through a canal of hot
water from the Tiberias hot springs. They thought that by doing so, they could heat the cold potable water on Shabbat.
The Rabbis said to them: If
the water passed through
on Shabbat,
its legal status is
like
that of
hot water that was heated on Shabbat, and
the water is
prohibited
both
for bathing and for drinking…
Shabbat 38b:11
MISHNA:
If
one did not cover
a pot of cooked food on Shabbat eve
while it was still day, he may not cover it after dark.
However, if
one covered it
while it was still day
and it was uncovered
on Shabbat,
he is permitted to cover it
even on Shabbat.
One may fill a jug
with cold water on Shabbat
and place
it
beneath a pillow or a cushion
to prevent it from getting warm.
GEMARA:
Rav Yehuda said
that
Shmuel said: It is permitted to insulate the cold
food on Shabbat to keep it cold…
Shabbat 51a:2-3
The Sages taught
in the
Tosefta
: With regard to
all of those
materials about
which they said
that
one may not light
the lamp
with them on Shabbat; however, one may
use
them
ab initio
to make a bonfire.
One may do so
both to warm himself opposite it and to utilize its light,
and he may ignite it
both on the ground and on a stove. They prohibited
using
them only to make a wick for an oil lamp.
Shabbat 21a:2
Come
and
hear
another resolution to this dilemma from that which
Rabbi Ḥelbo said
that
Rav Ḥama bar Gurya said
that
Rav said: They only taught
that placing is permitted with regard to a stove as far as placing a pot
atop it
is concerned.
However,
placing a pot
inside it
is
prohibited. Granted, if you say
that
we learned returning
in the mishna,
that is why there is a
halakhic
difference between
placing a pot
inside it and
placing a pot
atop it…
Shabbat 37a:2-38b:9
The Gemara cites another example of Torah scholars who spoke of each other with reverence. It is
like that
incident
where Rabbi
Yehuda HaNasi
sat and said: It is prohibited to insulate cold
food on Shabbat to keep it cold, as this may lead one to insulate hot food on Shabbat to keep it hot.
Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, said before him: My father
ruled that it is
permitted to insulate cold
food on Shabbat. There is no concern that this will lead one to insulate hot food on Shabbat…
Sanhedrin 24a:10
MISHNA:
There are
three things a person must say in his home on Shabbat eve at nightfall
and not before. The mishna elaborates: He should ask the members of his household,
have you tithed
the crop that required tithing?
Have you placed the
eiruv
for joining the courtyards and joining the Shabbat borders? If you have done so,
light the lamp
in honor of Shabbat. The Sages stated a principle: If the time arrives on Friday when there is
uncertainty
whether it is
nightfall
and
uncertainty
whether it is
not
yet…
Shabbat 34a:3
Rav Safra
raised an objection
from a different mishna:
One
may
lower the Paschal
lamb
into the oven
on Shabbat eve
just before nightfall,
after its blood is sprinkled and it is brought outside the Temple for roasting.
But here
we are dealing
with
a violation of
a rabbinic decree
relating
to the Temple
that occurred
in the country,
and yet
we do not issue
a decree against lowering the sacrifice into the oven at that late hour
lest
one
rake the coals
to hasten the cooking…
Eruvin 103a:19
§ The mishna teaches that
one must distance the solid residue
of produce that has been pressed free of its oil,
and
animal
manure, and salt, and lime, and rocks
three handbreadths from the wall of another, or plaster its receptacle with lime. The Gemara comments:
We learned
in a mishna
there
(
Shabbat
47b):
With what
substances
may one insulate
a pot of cooked food on Shabbat eve,
and with what
substances
may one not insulate
it?…
Bava Batra 19a:9-11
When a pot is removed from the fire on Shabbat eve it may be insulated in materials that preserve its heat, but not in materials that increase its heat. Raising the temperature of a pot is tantamount to cooking. The
mishnayot
that follow list those materials in which such a pot may be insulated on Shabbat eve and those materials in which it may not be insulated.
MISHNA:
In what may one insulate
a pot of cooked food on Shabbat eve,
and in what may one not insulate
it?
One may neither insulate
it
in the solid residue
of produce that…
Shabbat 47b:8-48a:2
The mishna listed several materials in which food may not be insulated on Shabbat eve
when
those materials
are moist. A dilemma was raised
before the Sages: Is the mishna referring specifically to materials that are
moist due to their own
natural state,
or
is it referring
perhaps
even to materials that
are
now
moist due to something else,
e.g., because they were soaked by liquid?
Come
and
hear
a resolution to this dilemma from the materials listed in the mishna:
And
one may
neither
insulate a pot
in straw…
Shabbat 49a:2-5
MISHNA:
With regard to
a stove that was lit
on Shabbat eve
with straw
or
with rakings,
scraps collected from the field, one may
place
a pot of
cooked food atop it
on Shabbat. The fire in this stove was certainly extinguished while it was still day, as both straw and rakings are materials that burn quickly. However, if the stove was lit
with pomace,
pulp that remains from sesame seeds, olives, and the like after the oil is squeezed from them,
and
if it was lit
with wood…
Shabbat 36b:3-5
Laws of the Calendar
דיני הלוח העברי
General Laws of Prohibited Work on Shabbat
Laws of Desecrating Shabbat for the Sake of Saving Lives
Rabbinical Shabbat Prohibitions
Laws of Shabbat Lights
Laws of Work Done on Shabbat
Main and Sub Categories of Work
Laws of Plowing on Shabbat
Laws of Planting on Shabbat
Laws of Reaping on Shabbat
Laws of Gathering on Shabbat
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