(טו) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־נֹ֥חַ לֵאמֹֽר׃ (טז) צֵ֖א מִן־הַתֵּבָ֑ה אַתָּ֕ה וְאִשְׁתְּךָ֛ וּבָנֶ֥יךָ וּנְשֵֽׁי־בָנֶ֖יךָ אִתָּֽךְ׃
(טו) וּמַלֵּיל יְיָ עִם נֹחַ לְמֵימָר: (טז) פּוּק מִן תֵּבוֹתָא אַתְּ וְאִתְּתָךְ וּבְנָךְ וּנְשֵׁי בְנָךְ עִמָּךְ:
1. This is the first time that the wording of the passuk is אֶל־נֹ֥חַ, and Onkelos' rendering as עִם נֹחַ.
2. The terminology for the mode of communication is "spoke."
(יג) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֜ים לְנֹ֗חַ קֵ֤ץ כׇּל־בָּשָׂר֙ בָּ֣א לְפָנַ֔י כִּֽי־מָלְאָ֥ה הָאָ֛רֶץ חָמָ֖ס מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם וְהִנְנִ֥י מַשְׁחִיתָ֖ם אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
(13) God said to Noah, “I have decided to put an end to all flesh, for the earth is filled with lawlessness because of them: I am about to destroy them with the earth.
(א) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ לְנֹ֔חַ בֹּֽא־אַתָּ֥ה וְכׇל־בֵּיתְךָ֖ אֶל־הַתֵּבָ֑ה כִּֽי־אֹתְךָ֥ רָאִ֛יתִי צַדִּ֥יק לְפָנַ֖י בַּדּ֥וֹר הַזֶּֽה׃
(1) Then יהוה said to Noah, “Go into the ark, with all your household, for you alone have I found righteous before Me in this generation.
"Amar" on the other hand is used to describe the actual words themselves, irregardless if the two people are connected in the matter or not.
Accordingly, that is why Onkelos will often use the word "עִם" after the word "daber" because that also connotes a close communication, since they are fusing together into a certain matter, whereas after the word "amar" he will use the word "לְ" since the words are just going to that person, but they aren't necessarily "conjoined" because they are communicating. (Sefer Redifei Maya* shoresh "amar")
(We will see below examples which would seem to be exceptions to the rule of "daber" where it is used even when the communication isn't direct and personal.
However, as we will see, it isn't really an exception, as the Lashon of daber always denotes a close communication, but sometimes the recipient of the message doesn't merit to have the full closeness that the communication can potentially offer.)
Rav Yehuda Halevi Eidel of Slonim, Galicia (1759-1805)
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(כג) וַיִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת־יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל בְּנ֗וֹ וְאֵ֨ת כׇּל־יְלִידֵ֤י בֵיתוֹ֙ וְאֵת֙ כׇּל־מִקְנַ֣ת כַּסְפּ֔וֹ כׇּל־זָכָ֕ר בְּאַנְשֵׁ֖י בֵּ֣ית אַבְרָהָ֑ם וַיָּ֜מׇל אֶת־בְּשַׂ֣ר עׇרְלָתָ֗ם בְּעֶ֙צֶם֙ הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים׃
(23) Then Abraham took his son Ishmael, and all his homeborn slaves and all those he had bought, every male in Abraham’s household, and he circumcised the flesh of their foreskins on that very day, as God had spoken to him.
(כג) וּדְבַר אַבְרָהָם יָת יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרֵיהּ וְיָת כָּל יְלִידֵי בֵיתֵיהּ וְיָת כָּל זְבִינֵי כַסְפֵּיהּ כָּל דְּכוּרָא בַּאֲנָשֵׁי בֵּית אַבְרָהָם וּגְזַר יָת בִּשְׂרָא דְעָרְלָתְהוֹן בִּכְרַן יוֹמָא הָדֵין כְּמָא דִּי מַלִּיל עִמֵּיהּ יְיָ:
(23) Avraham took his son, Yishmael, and all those that were born in his household, and all that he had bought with his money, every male member of Avraham’s household, and he circumcised the flesh of their foreskin on that very day as Hashem had spoken with him.
Direct communication would eventually be reserved for the greatest Navi, Moshe Rabbeinu; as even Aharon HaKohen's communication with Hashem was through Moshe Rabbeinu.
But since the Torah wasn't yet given and the world was in a different stage, Noach and Avraham enjoyed this communication in the meantime, even if all of the necessary conditions weren't necessarily met.
We find a similar idea in the Gemara in Megilla.
According to the way Pas'Shegen presents the reason for the direct and close communication, it would seem that there is no proof from here that Noach was a Navi (The passuk explicitly says Avraham was a Navi elsewhere) since the only reason Hashem was in direct and close communication with him was because that was the world order at that particular time in history.
אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קׇרְחָה: וּמָה מֵעַבְדוּת לְחֵירוּת אָמְרִינַן שִׁירָה — מִמִּיתָה לְחַיִּים לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן. אִי הָכִי, הַלֵּל נָמֵי נֵימָא! לְפִי שֶׁאֵין אוֹמְרִים הַלֵּל עַל נֵס שֶׁבַּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ.
יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם, דְּנֵס שֶׁבְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, הֵיכִי אָמְרִינַן שִׁירָה?
כִּדְתַנְיָא: עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנְסוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, הוּכְשְׁרוּ כׇּל אֲרָצוֹת לוֹמַר שִׁירָה. מִשֶּׁנִּכְנְסוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, לֹא הוּכְשְׁרוּ כׇּל הָאֲרָצוֹת לוֹמַר שִׁירָה.
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin said that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said that they reasoned as follows: If, when recalling the exodus from Egypt, in which the Jews were delivered from slavery to freedom, we recite songs of praise, the Song of the Sea and the hymns of hallel, then, in order to properly recall the miracle of Purim and commemorate God’s delivering us from death to life, is it not all the more so the case that we must sing God’s praise by reading the story in the Megilla? The Gemara asks: If so, our obligation should be at least as great as when we recall the exodus from Egypt, and let us also recite hallel on Purim. The Gemara answers: Hallel is not said on Purim, because hallel is not recited on a miracle that occurred outside Eretz Yisrael.
The Gemara asks: If so, with regard to the exodus from Egypt as well, which was a miracle that occurred outside Eretz Yisrael, how are we able to recite songs of praise?
The Gemara answers: As it is taught in a baraita: Prior to the time when the Jewish people entered Eretz Yisrael, all lands were deemed fit for songs of praise to be recited for miracles performed within their borders, as all lands were treated equally. But after the Jewish people entered Eretz Yisrael, that land became endowed with greater sanctity, and all the other lands were no longer deemed fit for songs of praise to be recited for miracles performed within them.
To illustrate, the Pas'Shegen HaDas in Devarim 2,16 writes about the reason Moshe merited nevuah beyond any navi before or after him was because of the different aspects of greatness he achieved throughout his life, which all contributed to being a kli kibbul for nevuah of the highest order.
(ח) וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֖ן לֵאמֹֽר׃ (ט) יַ֣יִן וְשֵׁכָ֞ר אַל־תֵּ֣שְׁתְּ ׀ אַתָּ֣ה ׀ וּבָנֶ֣יךָ אִתָּ֗ךְ בְּבֹאֲכֶ֛ם אֶל־אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵ֖ד וְלֹ֣א תָמֻ֑תוּ חֻקַּ֥ת עוֹלָ֖ם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
(ח) וּמַלִּיל יְיָ לְאַהֲרֹן לְמֵימָר: (ט) חֲמַר וּמְרַוֵּי לָא תִשְׁתֵּי אַתְּ וּבְנָיךְ עִמָּךְ בְּמֵעַלְכוֹן לְמַשְׁכַּן זִמְנָא וְלָא תְמוּתוּן קְיַם עָלָם לְדָרֵיכוֹן:
(8) Adonoy spoke to Aharon, saying, (9) Do not drink wine or any other intoxicant, you and your sons with you, when you enter the Tent of Meeting and you will not die; this is an everlasting statute throughout your generations.
Beurei Onkelos here gives a great exposition as to the rules between how Hashem spoke to Moshe and to Aharon:
(יג) וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר יְהֹוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן֒ וַיְצַוֵּם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרָ֑יִם לְהוֹצִ֥יא אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ {ס}
(יג) וּמַלִּיל יְיָ עִם משֶׁה ולְאַהֲרֹן וּפַקֵּדִנּוּן לְוָת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְוָת פַּרְעֹה מַלְכָּא דְמִצְרָיִם לְאַפָּקָא יָת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַרְעָא דְמִצְרָיִם:
