Save "Ki Tetze: Returning Lost Objects"
Ki Tetze: Returning Lost Objects

בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶך הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לַעֲסוֹק בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה

בְּרוּךֶ אַתֶה חֲוָיָה שְׁכִינּוּ רוּחַ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדַשְׁתַנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתֶיהֶ וְצִוְתָנוּ לַעֲסוֹק בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה

בְּרוּכָה אַתְּ יָהּ אֱלֹהָתֵינוּ רוּחַ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קֵרְבָתְנוּ לַעֲבוֹדָתָהּ וְצִוְתָנוּ לַעֲסוֹק בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה

Blessings for learning and studying Torah

Berakhot 11b:

Barukh atah Adonai Eloheinu melekh ha’olam asher kid’shanu b’mitzvotav v’tzivanu la’asok b’divrei Torah

Nonbinary Hebrew Project:

B’rucheh ateh Khavayah Shekhinu ruach ha’olam asher kidash’tanu b’mitzvotei’he v’tziv’tanu la’asok b’divrei Torah

Feminine God Language:

Brukhah at Ya Elohateinu ruach ha’olam asher keir’vat’nu la’avodatah v’tziv’tavnu la’asok b’divrei Torah

לֹֽא־תִרְאֶה֩ אֶת־שׁ֨וֹר אָחִ֜יךָ א֤וֹ אֶת־שֵׂיוֹ֙ נִדָּחִ֔ים וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם הָשֵׁ֥ב תְּשִׁיבֵ֖ם לְאָחִֽיךָ׃ וְאִם־לֹ֨א קָר֥וֹב אָחִ֛יךָ אֵלֶ֖יךָ וְלֹ֣א יְדַעְתּ֑וֹ וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ֙ אֶל־תּ֣וֹךְ בֵּיתֶ֔ךָ וְהָיָ֣ה עִמְּךָ֗ עַ֣ד דְּרֹ֤שׁ אָחִ֙יךָ֙ אֹת֔וֹ וַהֲשֵׁבֹת֖וֹ לֽוֹ׃ וְכֵ֧ן תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה לַחֲמֹר֗וֹ וְכֵ֣ן תַּעֲשֶׂה֮ לְשִׂמְלָתוֹ֒ וְכֵ֣ן תַּעֲשֶׂ֗ה לְכׇל־אֲבֵדַ֥ת אָחִ֛יךָ אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאבַ֥ד מִמֶּ֖נּוּ וּמְצָאתָ֑הּ לֹ֥א תוּכַ֖ל לְהִתְעַלֵּֽם׃ {ס} לֹא־תִרְאֶה֩ אֶת־חֲמ֨וֹר אָחִ֜יךָ א֤וֹ שׁוֹרוֹ֙ נֹפְלִ֣ים בַּדֶּ֔רֶךְ וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם הָקֵ֥ם תָּקִ֖ים עִמּֽוֹ׃ {ס}
If you see your fellow Israelite’s ox or sheep gone astray, do not ignore it; you must take it back to your peer. If your fellow Israelite does not live near you or you do not know who [the owner] is, you shall bring it home and it shall remain with you until your peer claims it; then you shall give it back. You shall do the same with that person’s ass; you shall do the same with that person’s garment; and so too shall you do with anything that your fellow Israelite loses and you find: you must not remain indifferent. If you see your fellow Israelite’s ass or ox fallen on the road, do not ignore it; you must raise it together.
והשבתו לו. שֶׁתְּהֵא בוֹ הֲשָׁבָה, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל בְּבֵיתְךָ כְּדֵי דָּמָיו וְתִתְבָּעֵם מִמֶּנּוּ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יַעֲשֶׂה וְיֹאכַל וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יִמָּכֵר (בבא מציעא כ"ח):
והשבתו לו AND THOU SHALT RESTORE IT TO HIM — it is necessary that there be some restoration — that it (the animal) should not eat in your house to its own value, and you claim this from him (in which case there is no actual restoration of what has been lost). From here, they (the Rabbis) derived the law: Whatever works and requires food (as, for instance, oxen, etc., the cost of whose food is set off by the value of its labour) should work and eat; whatever does not work but requires feeding (as, for instance, sheep) should be sold and the money restored to the man who lost it (Bava Metzia 28b).
לא תוכל להתעלם. לִכְבֹּשׁ עֵינְךָ כְּאִלּוּ אֵינְךָ רוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ:
לא תוכל להתעלם THOU MAYEST NOT HIDE THYSELF — i.e. You must not cover your eyes, pretending not to see it.
לא תראה את שור אחיך אפילו בשעה שאתה יוצא למלחמה. והזכיר שור וחמור והוא הדין לכל בהמותיו.
לא תראה את אחיך או את שיו נדחים, “do not inactively watch the ox or sheep of your brother which has gone astray” (voluntarily or against its will); this law applies even in war time when you are on the way to the front; what applies to these categories of domestic animals applies to all categories of domestic beasts.
לא תראה את שור אחיך וגו' והתעלמת מהם. דרשו רז"ל (ברכות יט:) פעמים שאתה מתעלם כגון זקן ואינו לפי כבודו, ויש לפתרו בדרך שאמרו רז"ל (אבות ד כג) ואל תשתדל לראותו בשעת קלקלתו, ואין חילוק בין קלקול בגופו או בממונו הכל אחד אם הוא בענין שא"א להצילו ולהשיב את נדחו, ע"ז אמר לא תראה את שור אחיך או שיו נדחים, כשהם נדחים לגמרי כגון טובעים בנהר וכיוצא בהם והתעלמת מהם צריך אתה לעשות את עצמך כלא רואה, אמנם השב רצה לומר אם יש בהם כדי השבה שאינן נדחים לגמרי אלא אפשר לך להשיב את נדחם אז תשיבם לאחיך חייב אתה להשתדל לראותו כדי להצילו.
The rabbis interpreted (Brachot 19b), with regard to the laws of returning a lost object, it is stated: “You shall not see the ox of your brother or his sheep go astray and ignore them; return them to your brother” (Deuteronomy 22:1). The baraita explains that the seemingly extraneous expression and disregard them must be understood to give license that at times you disregard lost objects and at times you do not disregard them. For example, a respected elder for whom it is socially inappropriate [to chase after an ox, is exempt from this mitzvah.] And similarly, someone may be exempt in the manner described by the rabbis (Avot 4:18), "Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says...do not seek to see your friend at the time of their humiliation." For there is no distinction between physical or financial humiliation, they are equivalent in the circumstance when it is impossible to rescue them [from that humiliation] and return whatever it is that has wandered off. This is what the text is referring to when it literally says, "Do not see the ox of your friend or the sheep that has wandered off," i.e. when they are so completely astray, that they might as well be submerged in the river. In such circumstances, [when the text literally says,] "you should ignore them", [it means that] it is necessary for you to conduct yourself as if you had not seen.
From Rabbi Dr. Erin Lieb Smokler, "On Returning the Lost" at https://www.sefaria.org/sheets/414156.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en
These laws, known as hashavat aveidah, call on us to take responsibility for the possessions of other people. The human instinct is to avoid (להתעלם)—to not see what is before us, to not view other people's stuff as having a claim on us. So three times over the Torah warns against this indifference and prescribes active involvement. Faced with a lost, wandering animal, return it to its rightful owner. "הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֵם לְאָחִיךָ". Confronted by a faltering animal, return it to its feet. "הָקֵם תָּקִים עִמּוֹ". Other people's belongings belong in your consciousness and your sphere of concern.
To the Chasidic ear, though, there is so much more that is adrift and off-kilter in the world, so many more types of lost objects that need finding. Reflecting on our verses, R. Yaacov Yosef of Polnoye (1710-1784) argues that wandering ox and sheep are metaphors for people who have lost their way.
לא תראה חמור אחיך רובץ תחת משאו כו'. דהאדם העוסק בעניני ועסקי עוה"ז, הרי העולם עליו כמשא ורובץ תחת משאו, ואמר הכתוב "לא תוכל להתעלם", אזהרה לצדיק שיתפלל עליו. וק"ל.
You must not see the donkey of your brother (Deut. 22:4) crouching under his burden (Ex. 23:5) etc - that a person that busies themselves with the issues and businesses of this world, behold, the world is like a burden for them, and they crouch under its burden, and the text says "you must not ignore": this is a warning for the tzadik to pray for that person. And this is easy to understand.
לא תוכל להתעלם (שם כב). הוזהרנו בזה שלא להתרשל מהצלת ממון חברינו בין מטלטלין בין קרקעות כמו שאמרו רבותינו זכרונם לברכה (שם) וכן תעשה לכל אבדת אחיך לרבות אבדת קרקעות. כגון אם היו מים שוטפים ובאים שם חייב לגדור בפניהם. אף כי הוזהרנו להשתדל בהצלת חברנו ולשית עצות לעזרתם בעת צרתם. וכן כתוב (ויקרא י״ט:ט״ז) לא תעמוד על דם רעך. ואמר שלמה (משלי כ״ד:י׳) התרפית ביום צרה צר כחך. פירושו - אם יש לך כח להציל בעצה או בהשתדלות ואתה מראה את נפשך שאין בך יכולת. יקצר כחך. מדה כנגד מדה. ונאמר אחריו (שם) כי תאמר הן לא ידענו זה הלא תוכן לבות הוא יבין ונוצר נפשך הוא ידע והשיב לאדם כפעלו. הנה המגיעה מן ההצלה ושית עצות על העזר הקב"ה יחשוב לו כפעלו (נ"ל שכוונתו בביאור הפסוק. שאף שעון המניעה היה בשב ואל תעשה מ"מ יחשב לו לעון כאלו עשה לרעהו רעה בפועל שאותו הרעה שבאה לחבירו במקום שהיה יכול להנצל על ידי חבירו יחשב לזה הנמנע מן ההצלה כאלו הוא פעל ועשה וזהו והשיב לאדם כפעלו):

“You may not be indifferent” (Deuteronomy 22:3). We were warned with this not to be negligent from saving the wealth of our fellows - whether movable property or lands - as our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said (Bava Metzia 31a), “‘And so too shall you do with anything that your brother loses’ - to include the loss of land.” For example, if there was water streaming and coming there, he is obligated to block it. And also were we warned [with this verse] to make efforts to rescue our neighbors, and to save our fellows at the time of their troubles. And it is likewise written (Leviticus 19:16), “you may not stand over your neighbor’s blood.” And Solomon said (Proverbs 24:10), “If you showed yourself slack in time of trouble; and wanting in strength.” Its explanation is [that] if you have the ability to save with counsel or with effort, but you show yourself [as if] you do not have the strength, your strength will be reduced - measure for measure. And it is stated afterwards (Proverbs 24:12), “If you say, ‘We knew nothing of it,’ surely He who fathoms hearts will discern [the truth], He who watches over your life will know it, and He will pay each man as he deserves.” Behold one who prevents himself from the salvation [of others] and from giving counsel to help, the Holy One, blessed be He, will consider it like his act. (It appears to me that his intention in explaining the verse is that even though the iniquity of preventing himself is passive, nevertheless it will be counted for him as if he had actively done evil to his fellow. For that evil that came to his fellow in a place where he could have been saved through [the sinner], is considered for the one that prevented himself from saving [the other] as if he was active and did [it]. And this is [the understanding of] its being considered like his act.)