וַאֲנִ֥י אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְהִרְבֵּיתִ֧י אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛י וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖י בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, that I may multiply My signs and marvels in the land of Egypt.
- Does God deny Pharaoh the free will to choose to let Israel go?
- If so, why?
- If not, what does "hardening/strengthening Pharaoh's heart" mean?
ואני אקשה AND I WILL ALLOW [PHARAOH’S HEART] TO HARDEN — Since he has wickedly resisted Me, and it is manifest to Me that the [other] nations find no spiritual satisfaction in setting their whole heart to return to Me penitently, it is better that his heart should be hardened in order that My signs may be multiplied against him so that you may recognize My divine power.
Such, indeed, is the method of the Holy Bountiful One: God brings punishment upon the nations so that Israel may hear of it and fear Him, as it is said, (Zephaniah 3:6, 3:7) “I have cut off nations, their corners are desolate etc. … I said: Surely thou wilt fear Me, thou wilt receive correction” (cf. Yevamot 63a).
Nevertheless, in the case of the first five plagues it is not stated, “The Eternal hardened Pharaoh’s heart” but “Pharaoh’s heart was hardened” (Midrash Tanchuma, Vaera 3).
In chapter 10,1, G-d explains to Moses that Pharaoh’s behaviour from then on was understandable only because God had already hardened his heart. He was already no longer a free agent. The reason is simple, as Rashi explains. Once a person has remained obstinate in the face of five plagues clearly orchestrated by God, they are deprived of their most precious attribute, that of freedom of choice. Even if Pharaoh had freed Israel at that stage, God would not have let him, until God had been able to demonstrate God's powers completely.
AND I WILL HARDEN PHARAOH’S HEART. The question arises: “If God hardened Pharaoh’s heart what was his transgression and what was his sin?” The answer is: God granted wisdom to humanity and implanted in their hearts the intelligence to receive power from on high to add to their good or to diminish their evil...
Now the meaning of our verse is: I will harden his heart in order to multiply My signs and My wonders. Rabbi Joshua says that its meaning is: I will harden his heart so that he will be able to bear the plagues. However, he spoke incorrectly.
This gives Pharaoh the power or capacity to endure the plagues, and thus the Eternal strengthened Pharaoh's heart/mind.
Happy is the one who is fearful always,
But the one who hardens their heart falls into misfortune.
This verse from proverbs illustrates that the opposite of having a hardened heart is being fearful (or cautious in a thoughtful matter), which is described here as a positive trait.
