תורה
יכוין בקריאת חמשה פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד הֶ דמילוי הה ראשונה דשם ב''ן להשאיר בו הארה מתוספת נפש משבת שעברה:
לב (יא) כְּנֶ֙שֶׁר֙ יָעִ֣יר קִנּ֔וֹ עַל־גּוֹזָלָ֖יו יְרַחֵ֑ף יִפְרֹ֤שׂ כְּנָפָיו֙ יִקָּחֵ֔הוּ יִשָּׂאֵ֖הוּ עַל־אֶבְרָתֽוֹ׃
כְּנִשְׁרָא דִּמְחִישׁ לְקִנֵּיהּ עַל בְּנוֹהִי מִתְחוֹפֵף פָּרִיס גַּדְפּוֹהִי מְקַבֶּלְהוֹן מְנַטֶּלְהוֹן עַל תְּקוֹף אֱבָרוֹהִי:
(יב) יְהֹוָ֖ה בָּדָ֣ד יַנְחֶ֑נּוּ וְאֵ֥ין עִמּ֖וֹ אֵ֥ל נֵכָֽר׃
יְיָ בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי עֲתִיד לְאַשְׁרָיוּתְהוֹן בְּעָלְמָא דְּהוּא עָתִיד לְאִתְחַדָּתָא וְלָא יִתְקַיַּם קֳדָמוֹהִי פָּלְחַן טַעֲוָן:
(יג) יַרְכִּבֵ֙הוּ֙ עַל־[בָּ֣מֳתֵי] (במותי) אָ֔רֶץ וַיֹּאכַ֖ל תְּנוּבֹ֣ת שָׂדָ֑י וַיֵּנִקֵ֤הֽוּ דְבַשׁ֙ מִסֶּ֔לַע וְשֶׁ֖מֶן מֵחַלְמִ֥ישׁ צֽוּר׃
אַשְׁרִנּוּן עַל תָּקְפֵי אַרְעָא וְאוֹכָלִנּוּן בִּזַּת סָנְאֵיהוֹן וִיהַב לְהוֹן בִּזַּת שַׁלִּיטֵי קִרְוִין וְנִכְסֵי יָתְבֵי כְּרַכִּין תַּקִּיפִין:
(יד) חֶמְאַ֨ת בָּקָ֜ר וַחֲלֵ֣ב צֹ֗אן עִם־חֵ֨לֶב כָּרִ֜ים וְאֵילִ֤ים בְּנֵֽי־בָשָׁן֙ וְעַתּוּדִ֔ים עִם־חֵ֖לֶב כִּלְי֣וֹת חִטָּ֑ה וְדַם־עֵנָ֖ב תִּשְׁתֶּה־חָֽמֶר׃
יְהַב לְהוֹן בִּזַּת מַלְכֵיהוֹן וְשַׁלִּיטֵיהוֹן עִם עתַר רַבְרְבֵיהוֹן וְתַקִּיפֵיהוֹן עַמָא דְאַרְעֲהוֹן וְאַחֲסַנְתְּהוֹן עִם בִּזַּת חֵילֵיהוֹן וּמַשִּׁרְיָתְהוֹן וְדַם גִבָּרֵיהוֹן יִתָּשַׁד כְּמַיָּא:
(טו) וַיִּשְׁמַ֤ן יְשֻׁרוּן֙ וַיִּבְעָ֔ט שָׁמַ֖נְתָּ עָבִ֣יתָ כָּשִׂ֑יתָ וַיִּטֹּשׁ֙ אֱל֣וֹהַּ עָשָׂ֔הוּ וַיְנַבֵּ֖ל צ֥וּר יְשֻׁעָתֽוֹ׃
וְעַתַּר יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְעַט אַצְלַח תְּקוֹף קְנָא נִכְסִין וּשְׁבַק פָּלְחַן אֱלָהָא דְעָבְדֵיהּ וְאַרְגֵּז קֳדָם תַּקִּיפָא דְפָרְקֵיהּ:
32 (11) As an eagle stirs up her nest, broods over her young, speads abroad her wings takes them, bears them on her pinions:
(12) so the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.
(13) He made him ride on the high places of the earth, and he ate the produce of the fields; and he made him suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;
(14) butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink wine of the pure blood of the grape.
(15) But Yeshurun grew fat, and kicked: thou art grown fat, thou art become thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God who made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.
נביאים
כב (יא) וַיִּרְכַּ֥ב עַל־כְּר֖וּב וַיָּעֹ֑ף וַיֵּרָ֖א עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רֽוּחַ׃
וְאִתְגְלֵי בִּגְבוּרְתֵיהּ עַל כְּרוּבִין קַלִילִין וְדַבַּר בִּתְקֵיף עַל כַּנְפֵי רוּחָא:
(יב) וַיָּ֥שֶׁת חֹ֛שֶׁךְ סְבִיבֹתָ֖יו סֻכּ֑וֹת חַֽשְׁרַת־מַ֖יִם עָבֵ֥י שְׁחָקִֽים׃
וְאַשְׁרֵי שְׁכִינְתֵּיהּ בַּעֲרָפֵילָא וַעֲנַן יְקַר סְחוֹר סְחוֹר לֵיהּ מָחִית מִיִן תַּקִיפִין מֵרִכְפַּת עֲנָנִין קַלִילִין בְּרוּם עַלְמָא:
(יג) מִנֹּ֖גַהּ נֶגְדּ֑וֹ בָּעֲר֖וּ גַּחֲלֵי־אֵֽשׁ׃
מִזִיו יְקָרֵיהּ מַבְהִיקִין שְׁמֵי שְׁמַיָא מְזוֹפִיתֵיהּ כְּגוּמְרִין דְנוּר דַלְקָא מֵימְרֵיהּ:
(יד) יַרְעֵ֥ם מִן־שָׁמַ֖יִם יְהֹוָ֑ה וְעֶלְי֖וֹן יִתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֽוֹ׃
אַכְלֵי מִן שְׁמַיָא יְיָ וְעִלָאָה אֲרִים מֵימְרֵיהּ:
(טו) וַיִּשְׁלַ֥ח חִצִּ֖ים וַיְפִיצֵ֑ם בָּרָ֖ק (ויהמם) [וַיָּהֹֽם]׃
וּשְׁלַח מָחָתֵיהּ כְּגִירִין וּבַדְרִינוּן בַּרְקִין וְשַׁגְשִׁינוּן:
22 (11) And he rode upon a keruv, and did fly: and he was seen upon the wings of the wind.
(12) And he made darkness pavilions round about him, the heavy mass of waters, and thick clouds of the skies.
(13) Through the brightness before him were coals of fire kindled.
(14) The Lord thundered from heaven, and the most High uttered his voice,
(15) And he sent out arrows, and scattered them; lightning, and confounded them.
כתובים
עז (יא) וָ֭אֹמַר חַלּ֣וֹתִי הִ֑יא שְׁ֝נ֗וֹת יְמִ֣ין עֶלְיֽוֹן׃
וַאֲמַרֵית מַרְעוּתִי הוּא אִשְׁתְּנִיוּ גְבוּרַת יְמִין עִלָאָה (וַאֲמַרֵית בָּעוּתִי הוּא שְׁנִין דְקֵץ מִיָמִין):
(יב) (אזכיר) [אֶזְכּ֥וֹר] מַעַלְלֵי־יָ֑הּ כִּֽי־אֶזְכְּרָ֖ה מִקֶּ֣דֶם פִּלְאֶֽךָ׃
אֶדְכַּר עוֹבָדֵי אֱלָהָא אֲרוּם אֶדְכַּר מִן לְקַדְמִין פְּרִשְׁוָתָךְ:
(יג) וְהָגִ֥יתִי בְכׇל־פׇּעֳלֶ֑ךָ וּֽבַעֲלִ֖ילוֹתֶ֣יךָ אָשִֽׂיחָה׃
וּרְנַנֵית בְּכָל עוֹבָדָךְ טָבַיָא וּבְתַסְקוֹפֵי נִסָךְ אֲמַלֵל:
(יד) אֱ֭לֹהִים בַּקֹּ֣דֶשׁ דַּרְכֶּ֑ךָ מִי־אֵ֥ל גָּ֝ד֗וֹל כֵּאלֹהִֽים׃
אֱלָהָא דְקַדִישִׁין אוֹרְחָתָךְ מַן אֱלָהָא רַבָּא כֵּאלָהָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל:
(טו) אַתָּ֣ה הָ֭אֵל עֹ֣שֵׂה פֶ֑לֶא הוֹדַ֖עְתָּ בָעַמִּ֣ים עֻזֶּֽךָ׃
אַנְתְּ הוּא אֱלָהָא עָבֵיד פְּרִישָׁן הוֹדַעְתָּ בְעַמַיָא עוּשְׁנָךְ:
77 (11) And I said, I am sick at heart, for the right hand of the most High has changed.
(12) I will remember the works of the Lord: surely I will remember Thy wonders of old.
(13) I will meditate also on all Thy work, and muse on Thy doings.
(14) Thy way, O God, is in holiness: who is so great a God as our God?
(15) Thou art the God That doest wonders: Thou hast declared Thy strength among the people.
משנה
א. וְאֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין. חֻלִּין שֶׁאֹכַל לָךְ, כִּבְשַׂר חֲזִיר, כַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, כְּעוֹרוֹת לְבוּבִין, כִּנְבֵלוֹת, כִּטְרֵפוֹת, כִּשְׁקָצִים, כִּרְמָשִׂים, כְּחַלַּת אַהֲרֹן וְכִתְרוּמָתוֹ, מֻתָּר. הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, הֲרֵי אַתְּ עָלַי כְּאִמָּא, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ פֶתַח מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר, שֶׁלֹּא יָקֵל רֹאשׁוֹ לְכָךְ. קוֹנָם שֶׁאֵינִי יָשֵׁן, שֶׁאֵינִי מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁאֵינִי מְהַלֵּךְ, הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, קוֹנָם שֶׁאֵינִי מְשַׁמְּשֵׁךְ, הֲרֵי זֶה בְלֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ. שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֵינִי יָשֵׁן, שֶׁאֵינִי מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁאֵינִי מְהַלֵּךְ, אָסוּר:
ב. קָרְבָּן לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, קָרְבָּן שֶׁאֹכַל לָךְ, לֹא קָרְבָּן לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, מֻתָּר. שְׁבוּעָה לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֹכַל לָךְ, לֹא שְׁבוּעָה לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, אָסוּר. זֶה חֹמֶר בַּשְּׁבוּעוֹת מִבַּנְּדָרִים. וְחֹמֶר בַּנְּדָרִים מִבַּשְּׁבוּעוֹת, כֵּיצַד, אָמַר, קוֹנָם סֻכָּה שֶׁאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, לוּלָב שֶׁאֲנִי נוֹטֵל, תְּפִלִּין שֶׁאֲנִי מֵנִיחַ, בַּנְּדָרִים אָסוּר, בַּשְּׁבוּעוֹת מֻתָּר, שֶׁאֵין נִשְׁבָּעִין לַעֲבֹר עַל הַמִּצְוֹת:
ג. יֵשׁ נֶדֶר בְּתוֹךְ נֶדֶר, וְאֵין שְׁבוּעָה בְּתוֹךְ שְׁבוּעָה. כֵּיצַד, אָמַר הֲרֵינִי נָזִיר אִם אֹכַל, הֲרֵינִי נָזִיר אִם אֹכַל, וְאָכַל, חַיָּב עַל כָּל אַחַת וְאֶחָת. שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁלֹּא אֹכַל, שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁלֹּא אֹכַל, וְאָכַל, אֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא אֶחָת:
ד. סְתָם נְדָרִים לְהַחְמִיר, וּפֵרוּשָׁם לְהָקֵל. כֵּיצַד, אָמַר הֲרֵי עָלַי כְּבָשָׂר מָלִיחַ, כְּיֵין נֶסֶךְ, אִם שֶׁל שָׁמַיִם נָדַר, אָסוּר. אִם שֶׁל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה נָדַר, מֻתָּר. וְאִם סְתָם, אָסוּר. הֲרֵי עָלַי כְּחֵרֶם, אִם כְּחֵרֶם שֶׁל שָׁמַיִם, אָסוּר. וְאִם כְּחֵרֶם שֶׁל כֹּהֲנִים, מֻתָּר. וְאִם סְתָם, אָסוּר. הֲרֵי עָלַי כְּמַעֲשֵׂר, אִם כְּמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה נָדַר, אָסוּר. וְאִם שֶׁל גֹּרֶן, מֻתָּר. וְאִם סְתָם, אָסוּר. הֲרֵי עָלַי כִּתְרוּמָה, אִם כִּתְרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה נָדַר, אָסוּר. וְאִם שֶׁל גֹּרֶן, מֻתָּר. וְאִם סְתָם, אָסוּר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, סְתָם תְּרוּמָה בִּיהוּדָה אֲסוּרָה, בַּגָּלִיל מֻתֶּרֶת, שֶׁאֵין אַנְשֵׁי גָלִיל מַכִּירִין אֶת תְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה. סְתָם חֲרָמִים, בִּיהוּדָה מֻתָּרִין, וּבַגָּלִיל אֲסוּרִין, שֶׁאֵין אַנְשֵׁי גָלִיל מַכִּירִין אֶת חֶרְמֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים:
ה. נָדַר בְּחֵרֶם וְאָמַר, לֹא נָדַרְתִּי אֶלָּא בְחֶרְמוֹ שֶׁל יָם. בְּקָרְבָּן, וְאָמַר, לֹא נָדַרְתִּי אֶלָּא בְקָרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁל מְלָכִים. הֲרֵי עַצְמִי קָרְבָּן, וְאָמַר, לֹא נָדַרְתִּי אֶלָּא בְעֶצֶם שֶׁהִנַּחְתִּי לִי לִהְיוֹת נוֹדֵר בּוֹ. קוֹנָם אִשְׁתִּי נֶהֱנֵית לִי, וְאָמַר לֹא נָדַרְתִּי אֶלָּא בְאִשְׁתִּי הָרִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁגֵּרַשְׁתִּי, עַל כֻּלָּן אֵין נִשְׁאָלִים לָהֶם. וְאִם נִשְׁאֲלוּ, עוֹנְשִׁין אוֹתָן וּמַחְמִירִין עֲלֵיהֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, פּוֹתְחִין לָהֶם פֶּתַח מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר, וּמְלַמְּדִים אוֹתָן כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִנְהֲגוּ קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ בַּנְּדָרִים:
1. And these are the vows in which the one who takes the vow attempts to create a prohibition on an item by associating it with an item in an ineffective manner, rendering the vow void and leaving the item permitted: If one says: That which I will eat of yours will be non-sacred [ḥullin]; or: That which I will eat of yours will be like pig meat; or: Like an object of idol worship; or: Like the hides of animal offerings whose hearts were removed as a form of idol worship, and it is therefore prohibited to derive benefit from those animals; or: Like animal carcasses and animals with a wound that will cause them to die within twelve months [tereifot]; or: Like non-kosher repugnant creatures and non-kosher creeping animals; or: Like the ḥalla of Aaron, the first priest, or like his teruma; in all these cases, the food is permitted. Although none of these items may be eaten, they are forbidden by Torah law, not by means of a vow. Therefore, it is impossible to extend their prohibition to other items by means of a vow that associates them with those items. With regard to a man who says to his wife: You are hereby to me like my mother, i.e., deriving benefit from you should be forbidden to me like engaging in sexual intercourse with my mother, dissolution is broached with him by suggesting a different extenuation, i.e., a halakhic authority suggests other, extenuating circumstances that enable the dissolution of the vow. Although this vow does not take effect either, as engaging in sexual intercourse with one’s mother is prohibited by Torah law, by rabbinic law this is treated like an actual vow and requires dissolution by a halakhic authority, so that he will not take genuine vows lightly. With regard to one who says: Sleeping is forbidden for me as if it were an offering [konam], thereby prohibiting himself from sleeping; or: Speaking is konam for me; or: Walking is konam for me; or one who says to his wife: Engaging in sexual intercourse with you is konam for me, if he violates the vow he is in violation of the prohibition “He shall not profane his word” (Numbers 30:3). If one says: I take an oath that I will not sleep, or: That I will not speak, or: That I will not walk, this activity is prohibited to him.
2. As taught earlier (10a), one of the primary methods of taking a vow is by invoking an offering. The mishna provides several examples where invoking the term korban is not effective. If one says: An offering [korban] that I will not eat of yours, or: This offering [ha korban] that I will eat of yours, or: That which I will not eat of yours is not an offering [la korban], the food is permitted. If one says: An oath that I will not eat of yours, or: This is an oath that I will eat of yours [she’okhal lekha], or: Not an oath that I will not eat of yours, the food is forbidden. This rule, that oaths can render actions, which do not have actual substance, either prohibited or obligatory, is a stringency of oaths vis-à-vis vows, which do not take effect with regard to matters that do not have actual substance. And there is also a stringency of vows vis-à-vis oaths. How so? With regard to one who said: Making a sukka is konam for me, or: Taking a lulav is konam for me, or: Donning phylacteries is konam for me, in the case of vows, the items are rendered forbidden, and he may not perform the mitzva until the vow is dissolved. However, in the case of similar oaths, these items are permitted, as one cannot take an oath to transgress the mitzvot.
3. There is a vow within a vow. It is possible to impose an additional prohibition, by means of a vow, on an item that is already forbidden by means of a vow. But there is no oath within an oath. If one takes an oath twice with regard to the same action, the second oath does not take effect. How so? If one said: I am hereby a nazirite if I eat, and then repeated: I am hereby a nazirite if I eat, and then he ate, he is obligated to observe naziriteship for thirty days for each and every one of the vows, as both vows took effect. However, if he said: I hereby take an oath that I will not eat, and repeated: I hereby take an oath that I will not eat, and then he ate, he is liable to bring an offering for only one violation of an oath.
4. Unspecified vows are treated stringently, but their specification, if specification is necessary, is treated leniently. How so? If one said: This item is prohibited to me like salted meat, or: This item is prohibited to me like the wine used for libations, if he vowed in reference to meat or libations of a peace-offering, i.e., if he claimed that his intention was that the item will be forbidden to him like the salted meat of an offering, or like wine that is used for libations on the altar, it is forbidden, as he associated the item of the vow with an item forbidden by means of a vow, i.e., the offering. If he claims that he vowed in reference to meat or libations of idol worship, i.e., that the item will be like the salted meat of an offering for an idol, or like wine that is used for libations as idol worship, it is permitted, as the item of the vow was associated with an item forbidden by the Torah. By enabling the one who took the vow to later clarify his intent, the vow is treated leniently. And if the vow was without specification, i.e., the one who took the vow did not specify whether his intention was to associate the item with an offering for Heaven or to associate the item with idol worship, it is forbidden. Similarly, if one said: This item is hereby forbidden to me like an item dedicated to the Temple, if his intention was that it would be like a dedication to Heaven, which is a form of consecration, it is forbidden. And if his intention was that it would be like a dedication to priests, whereby one pledges his asset as a gift to priests, it is permitted, as this type of gift is not forbidden at all. And if he said it without specification, it is forbidden. Likewise, if he said: This item is hereby forbidden to me like tithes, if he took a vow with the intention that it would be like the animal tithe, it is forbidden, as the item of the vow was associated with an item forbidden by a vow. And if his intention was that it will be like the tithe of the granary, i.e., grain that is given to the Levites and has no sanctity, it is permitted. And if he said it without specification, it is forbidden. Similarly, if he said: This item is hereby forbidden to me like teruma, if he took a vow with the intention that it would be like the collection of the Temple treasury chamber [terumat halishka], which is a tax for the communal offerings, it is forbidden, his vow was associated with an item forbidden by a vow. And if his intention was that it would be like teruma of the granary that is given to the priests, it is permitted, as teruma is not an item forbidden by a vow. And if the vow was taken without specification, it is forbidden. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: Unspecified teruma in Judea is forbidden. However, in the Galilee it is permitted, as the people of the Galilee are unfamiliar with the collection of the chamber. When they say teruma they are referring to the teruma allotted to the priests, which is familiar to them. Conversely, unspecified dedications in Judea are permitted, but in the Galilee they are forbidden, as the people of the Galilee are unfamiliar with dedications allotted to the priests, so when they say dedication they are referring to dedication to Heaven.
5. One who took a vow by associating an item with a dedication [ḥerem], saying: This item is hereby forbidden to me like an item dedicated to the Temple, and then said: I took a vow only with the intention that it would be like a sea net [ḥermo shel yam] that is used to catch fish; or one who took a vow by associating an item with an offering, and then said: I took a vow only with reference to offerings to kings, i.e., a gift for a king, not an offering to God. Or one who said: I am hereby an offering myself [atzmi], and then said: I took a vow only with reference to a bone [etzem] that I set aside for myself to vow with, as atzmi means both myself and my bone, i.e., he set aside a bone so as to pretend to take a vow upon himself; or one who said: Deriving benefit from me is konam for my wife, and then said: I took a vow only with regard to my first wife whom I divorced, not with regard to my current wife. For all of the above vows, those who took them do not need to request of a halakhic authority to dissolve them, as the speaker interpreted the vows in a manner that caused them not to take effect at all. However, if they requested dissolution, apparently due to their being uncertain of their explanations, the court punishes them and treats them stringently and the vows are not dissolved. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: These vows are not treated stringently. Rather, dissolution is broached with them by suggesting a different extenuation, i.e., the halakhic authority suggests extenuating circumstances that undermine the vow but do not pertain to its wording. And we teach them that they should not take this kind of vow in the future, in order that they will not take vows lightly.
גמרא
וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ פֶּתַח וְכוּלֵי. תַּנְיָא לְעוֹלָם אַל תְּהִי רָגִיל בַּנְּדָרִים שֶׁסּוֹפָךְ לִמְעֹל בִּשְׁבוּעוֹת. וְאַל תְּהִי רָגִיל אֵצֶל עַם הָאָרֶץ שֶׁסּוֹפוֹ לְהַאֲכִילְךָ טְבָלִים. וְאַל תְּהִי רָגִיל אֵצֶל כֹּהֵן עַם הָאָרֶץ שֶׁסּוֹפוֹ לְהַאֲכִילְךָ תְּרוּמָה. וְאַל תַּרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשּׁה שֶׁסּוֹפָךְ לָבֹא לִידֵי נִיאוּף. רִבִּי אַחָא בְּרִבִּי יֹאשִׁיָּה אוֹמֵר: כָּל הַצוֹפֶה בְּנָשִׁים סוֹפוֹ בָּא לִידֵי עֲבֵרָה. וְכָל הַמִּסְתַּכֵּל בַּעֲקֵבָה שֶׁל אִשָּׁה הַוְיָן לוֹ בָּנִים שֶׁאֵינָן מְהֻגָּנִים. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף וּבְאִשְׁתּוֹ נִדָּה. תַּנְיָא (שמות כ) בַּעֲבוּר תִּהְיֶה יִרְאָתוֹ עַל פְּנֵיכֶם זוֹ בּוּשָׁה. לְבִלְתִּי תֶחֱטָאוּ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַבּוּשָׁה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי יִרְאַת חֵטְא מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ: סִימָן יָפֶה בָּאָדָם שֶׁהוּא בַּיְשָׁן. אֲחֵרִים אוֹמְרִים: כָּל אָדָם הַמִּתְבַּיֵּשׁ לֹא בִּמְהֵרָה הוּא חוֹטֵא. וּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בּשֶת פָּנִים בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁלֹּא עָמְדוּ אֲבוֹתָיו עַל הַר סִינַי. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן דַּהֲבָאי: אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים סָחוּ לִי מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת: חִגְּרִין מִפְּנֵי מָה הַוְיָן. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוֹפְכִים אֶת שֻׁלְחָנָם. אִלְּמִים מִפְּנֵי מָה הַוְיָן. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּנַשְּׁקִין עַל אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. חֵרְשִׁים מִפְּנֵי מָה הַוְיָן. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּסַפְּרִים בִּשְׁעַת תַּשְׁמִישׁ. סוּמִים מִפְּנֵי מָה הַוְיָן. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּסְתַּכְּלִין בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. וּרְמִינְהִי שָׁאֲלוּ אֶת אִמָּא שָׁלוֹם: מִפְּנֵי מָה בָּנַיִךְ יָפְיָפִין בְּיוֹתֵר. אָמְרָה לָהֶן: אֵינוֹ מְסַפֵּר עִמִּי לֹא בִּתְחִלַּת הַלַּיְלָה וְלֹא בְּסוֹף הַלַּיְלָה אֶלָּא בַּחֲצוֹת הַלַּיְלָה. וּכְשֶׁהוּא מְסַפֵּר מְגַלֶּה טֶפַח וּמְכַסֶּה טֶפַח וְדוֹמֶה עָלָיו כְּמִי שֶׁכְּפָאוֹ שֵׁד. וְאָמַרְתִּי לוֹ: מַה טַּעַם. וְאָמַר לִי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא אֶתֵּן אֶת עֵינַי בְּאִשָּׁה אַחֶרֶת וְנִמְצְאוּ בָּנַי בָּאִין לִידֵי מַמְזֵרוּת. לָא קַשְׁיָא הָא בְּמִילֵי תַּשְׁמִישׁ הָא בְּמִילֵי אַחֲרָנַיְיתָא (במדבר טו) וְלֹא תָּתוּרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם. מִכָּאן אָמַר רִבִּי: אַל יִשְׁתֶּה אָדָם בְּכוֹס זֶה וְיִתֵּן עֵינָיו בְּכוֹס אַחֵר. אָמַר רַבִינָא: לֹא נִצְרְכָה אֶלָּא דַּאֲפִלּוּ שְׁתֵּי נָשָׁיו (יחזקאל כא) וּבָרוֹתִי מִכֶּם הַמּוֹרְדִים וְהַפּוֹשְׁעִים בִּי. אָמַר רִבִּי לֵוִי: אֵלּוּ בְּנֵי תֵּשַׁע מִדּוֹת בְּנֵי אסנ''ת משגע''ח בְּנֵי אֵימָה, בְּנֵי אֲנוּסָה, בְּנֵי שְׂנוּאָה, בְּנֵי נִדּוּי, בְּנֵי תְּמוּרָה, בְּנֵי מְרִיבָה, בְּנֵי שִׁכְרוּת, בְּנֵי גְּרוּשַׁת הַלֵּב, בְּנֵי עֵרְבּוּבְיָא, בְּנֵי חֲצוּפָה. אֵינִי וְהָאָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחֲמָנִי אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן: כָּל אָדָם שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ תּוֹבַעְתּוֹ הַוְיָן לוֹ בָּנִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בְּדוֹרוֹ שֶׁל משֶה רַבֵּנוּ לֹא הָיוּ כְּמוֹתָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים א) הָבוּ לָכֶם אֲנָשִׁים חֲכָמִים וּנְבוֹנִים. וּכְתִיב וָאֶקַּח אֶת רָאשֵׁי שִׁבְטֵיכֶם. וְלֹא כְּתִיב נְבוֹנִים. וּכְתִיב (בראשית מט) יִשָּׂשכָר חֲמוֹר גָּרֶם. וּכְתִיב (דה''א יב) מִבְּנֵי יִשָּׂשכָר יוֹדְעֵי בִינָה לָעִתִּים הַהִיא דִּמְרַצְיָא אַרְצוּיֵי:
§ It is stated in the mishna that the Rabbis say: Dissolution is broached with him by suggesting a different extenuation, and he is taught not to take this kind of vow so that he will not take vows lightly. It is taught in a baraita: Never be accustomed to taking vows, because ultimately you will disregard them, and you will even abuse oaths, which are more grave. And do not regularly be around an ignoramus, because ultimately he will feed you untithed produce, as he is not careful to tithe. Do not regularly be by an ignorant priest, because ultimately he will feed you teruma due to his close relationship with you, and teruma is forbidden to a non-priest. And do not talk extensively with a woman, because ultimately you will come to adultery.
Rabbi Aḥa, son of Rabbi Yoshiya, says: Anyone who watches women will ultimately come to sin, and anyone who looks at the heel of a woman will have indecent children as a punishment. Rav Yosef said: And this relates to all women, including his wife when she has the status of a menstruating woman. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: The heel of a woman that is mentioned is not the heel of the foot, but the place of uncleanliness, i.e., the genitalia, and it is called a heel as a euphemism, as it is situated opposite the heel.
§ It is taught in a baraita: “That His fear may be upon your faces” (Exodus 20:17); this is referring to shame, as shame causes one to blush. “That you not sin” (Exodus 20:17) teaches that shame leads to fear of sin. From here the Sages said: It is a good sign in a person that he is one who experiences shame. Others say: Any person who experiences shame will not quickly sin, and conversely, one who does not have the capacity to be shamefaced, it is known that his forefathers did not stand at Mount Sinai.
§ Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Dehavai said: The ministering angels told me four matters: For what reason do lame people come into existence? It is because their fathers overturn their tables, i.e., they engage in sexual intercourse in an atypical way. For what reason do mute people come into existence? It is because their fathers kiss that place of nakedness. For what reason do deaf people come into existence? It is because their parents converse while engaging in sexual intercourse. For what reason do blind people come into existence? It is because their fathers stare at that place.
And the Gemara raises a contradiction: Imma Shalom, the wife of Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, was asked: For what reason
are your children so beautiful? She said to them: My husband does not converse with me while engaging in sexual intercourse, neither at the beginning of the night nor at the end of the night, but rather at midnight. And when he converses with me while engaging in sexual intercourse, he reveals a handbreadth of my body and covers a handbreadth, and he covers himself up as though he were being coerced by a demon and is covering himself out of fear.
And I said to my husband: What is the reason for this behavior? And he said to me: It is so that I will not set my eyes on another woman, i.e., think about another woman; if a man thinks about another woman during sexual intercourse with his wife, his children consequently come close to receiving a mamzer status, i.e., the nature of their souls is tantamount to that of a mamzer. Therefore I engage in sexual intercourse with you at an hour when there are no people in the street, and in this manner. In any event, it can be seen from her words that a Sage conversed with his wife while engaging in sexual intercourse with her.
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult. This permission to converse with her is with regard to matters of sexual intercourse, whereas that restriction of conversation is with regard to other matters that are not related to sexual intercourse.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That is the statement of Yoḥanan ben Dehavai. However, the Rabbis said: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Yoḥanan ben Dehavai. Rather, whatever a man wishes to do with his wife he may do. He may engage in sexual intercourse with her in any manner that he wishes, and need not concern himself with these restrictions. As an allegory, it is like meat that comes from the butcher. If he wants to eat it with salt, he may eat it that way. If he wants to eat it roasted, he may eat it roasted. If he wants to eat it cooked, he may eat it cooked. If he wants to eat it boiled, he may eat it boiled. And likewise with regard to fish that come from the fisherman.
Ameimar said: Who are the ministering angels that Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Dehavai mentioned? He was referring to the Sages, for whom he employed the honorary title: Ministering angels. Because if you say that he was referring to actual ministering angels, why did Rabbi Yoḥanan say that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Yoḥanan ben Dehavai? The ministering angels are more knowledgeable about the forming of the fetus than people are. Clearly, if the ministering angels were the source for the ruling of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Dehavai it would have been imperative to heed his instructions. And why are the Sages called ministering angels? Because they stand out like ministering angels, as they are recognized by their clothing.
The Gemara relates: A certain woman, who came before Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi to complain about her husband, said to him: My teacher, I set him a table, using a euphemism to say that she lay before him during intimacy, and he turned it over. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to her: My daughter, the Torah permitted him to engage in sexual intercourse with you even in an atypical manner, and what can I do for you if he does so? Similarly, a certain woman who came before Rav said to him: My teacher, I set a table for him and he turned it over. He said to her: In what way is this case different from a fish [binnita] that one may eat any way he wishes?
§ The verse states: “And that you not go about after your own heart” (Numbers 15:39). Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said that it is derived from here that a man should not drink from this cup while setting his eyes on another cup, i.e., one should not engage in sexual intercourse with one woman while thinking about another woman. Ravina said: This statement is not necessary with regard to an unrelated woman. Rather, it is necessary only to state that even with regard to his own two wives, he should not engage in sexual intercourse with one while thinking about the other.
The verse states: “And I will purge out from among you the rebels, and those that transgress against Me” (Ezekiel 20:38). Rabbi Levi said: These are children of those who have nine traits, who are defective from their conception and from whom rebels and transgressors emerge. The mnemonic for these nine traits is children of the acronym aleph, samekh, nun, tav, mem, shin, gimmel, ayin, ḥet.
The children of nine traits are as follows: Children of fear [eima], i.e., where the wife was afraid of her husband and engaged in sexual intercourse with him out of fear; children of a woman who was raped [anusa]; children of a hated woman [senua], i.e., a woman who was hated by her husband; children of ostracism [niddui], i.e., one of the parents was ostracized by the court; children of substitution [temura], i.e., while engaging in intercourse with the woman, the man thought that she was another woman; children of strife [meriva], i.e., the parents engaged in intercourse while they were quarreling; children of drunkenness [shikhrut], i.e., the parents engaged in intercourse while they were drunk; children of a woman who was divorced in the heart [gerushat halev], i.e., the husband had already decided to divorce her when they engaged in intercourse; children of mixture [irbuveya], i.e., the man did not know with which woman he was engaging in intercourse; children of a shameless woman [ḥatzufa] who demands of her husband that he engage in intercourse with her.
The Gemara asks: Is that so? But didn’t Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani say that Rabbi Yonatan said: Any man whose wife demands of him that he engage in sexual intercourse with her will have children the likes of whom did not exist even in the generation of Moses our teacher? As it is stated: “Get you wise men, and understanding, and well known from each one of your tribes, and I will make them head over you” (Deuteronomy 1:13); and it is written subsequently: “So I took the heads of your tribes, wise men, and well known” (Deuteronomy 1:15). And it does not say that they were understanding. Evidently, even Moses could not find understanding men in his generation.
And by contrast, it is written: “Issachar is a large-boned donkey” (Genesis 49:14). The Sages transmitted a tradition that this is an allusion to the incident when Jacob came in from the field riding on a donkey, and Leah went out to greet him, saying: “You must come in to me; for I have hired you with my son’s mandrakes” (Genesis 30:16). Issachar was conceived from their subsequent sexual intercourse. And it is written: “And of the children of Issachar, men that had understanding of the times” (I Chronicles 12:33). The descendants of Issachar were understanding men. It is derived from here that a woman who demands from her husband that he engage in sexual intercourse with her has a positive effect on their children.
The Gemara answers: That baraita is not referring to a woman who demands intercourse explicitly, but rather to one who entices her husband, so that he understands that she wants to engage in sexual intercourse with him. They consequently have excellent children.
זוהר
תָּנָא כָּל מַאן דְּשָׁמַע בְּרָכָה מֵהַהוּא דִּמְבָרֵךְ וְלָא אִתְכַּוַּן בְּאָמֵן עֲלֵיהּ נֶאֱמַר וּבוֹזַי יֵקָלוּ כְּמָה דְּאָמַר (מלאכי א') לָכֶם הַכֹּהֲנִים בּוֹזֵי שְׁמִי מַאי עוֹנָשֵׁיהּ כְּמָה דְּלָא פָּתַח בִּרְכָאָן לְעֵילָא כָּךְ לָא פָּתְחִין לֵיהּ וְלָא עוֹד אֶלָּא כַּד נָפִיק מֵהַאי עָלְמָא מַכְרְזֵי קַמֵּיהּ וְאָמְרֵי טְרוֹקוּ גַּלֵּי קַמֵּיהּ דִּפְלַנְיָא וְלָא לֵיעוּל וְלָא תְּקַבְּלוּן לֵיהּ, וַוי לֵיהּ וַוי לְנִשְׁמָתֵיהּ. תָּאנָא חַיָּבִין דְּגֵיהִנָּם כֻּלְּהוּ סָלְקֵי בְּמָדוֹרִין יְדִיעָן וְכַמָּה פִּתְחִין אִית לֵיהּ לְגֵיהִנָּם וְכֻלְּהוּ פִּתְחִין לָקֳבֵל פִּתְחִין דְּגַן עֵדֶן וּבְשַׁעְתָּא דְּאַפְקֵי לְאִנּוּן חַיָּבַיָּא דְּקַבִּילוּ עוֹנְשַׁיְהוּ אִנּוּן פָּתְחֵי פִּתְחִין וְשַׁוְיָן (ס''א וְשָׁאֲבִין) לוֹן לְבָר. וְכֻלְּהוּ פָּתְחִין בִּשְׁמָהָן אִקְּרוּן לְקִבְלֵיהוֹן דְּפִתְחִין דְּגַן עֵדֶן וְכָל פִּתְחָא וּפִתְחָא אִקְּרֵי שְׁמָא לְקִבְלֵי הַהוּא פִּתְחָא דְּגֵיהִנָּם וְאִשְׁתְּמוֹדְעָן פִּתְחִין לְקִבְלֵיהוֹן פִּתְחִין אִנּוּן פִּתְחִין דְּגַן עֵדֶן. בְּגֵיהִנָּם אִית מָדוֹרָא בַּתְרָאָה תַּתָּאָה דְּכֻלְּהוּ. וְהַהוּא מָדוֹרָא הֲוֵי מָדוֹרָא עַל מָדוֹרָא וְאִקְּרֵי אֶרֶץ עֵיפָתָה מַהוּ עֵיפָתָה כְּמָה דְּאָמַר רָבוּעַ יִהְיֶה כָּפוּל וּמִתַּרְגְּמִינָן מְרוּבָּע יְהֵא עֵיֵף אוֹף הָכָא עֵיפָתָה כְּלוֹמָר כְּפוּלָה וְהַהוּא אִקְּרֵי שְׁאוֹל תַּחְתִּית שְׁאוֹל הוּא מָדוֹרָא חַד תַּחְתִּית הוּא מָדוֹרָא תַּתָּאָה וּבְגִין כָּךְ אִקְּרֵי אֶרֶץ עֵיפָתָה תַּחְתִּית וְאִקְּרֵי אַבֲדוֹן. וְעַל דָּא כְּתִיב שְׁאוֹל וַאַבֲדוֹן וְכֻלְּהוּ מָדוֹרָן לָא אִכְפְּלוּ וְכֻלְּהוּ לֹא עָיְפִין בַּר מֵהַאי. וְתָאנָא מַאן דְּנָחִית לַאַבֲדוֹן דְּאִקְּרֵי תַּחְתִּית לָא סָלִיק לְעָלְמִין וְהַהוּא אִקְּרֵי גֶּבֶר דְּאִשְׁתֵּצֵי וְאִתְאֲבִיד מִכֻּלְּהוּ עָלְמִין וְתָנָא לְהַהוּא אֲתַר נָחֲתִין לְהַנְּהוּ גַּבְרֵי דִּמְבַזֵּי לַאֲתָבָא אָמֵן וְעַל אָמֵן סַגִּיאִין דְּאִתְאֲבִידוּ מִנֵּיהּ דְּלָא חָשִׁיב לְהוּ דַּיְּנִין לֵיהּ בַּגֵּיהִנָּם וְנָחֲתִין לֵיהּ בְּהַהוּא מָדוֹרָא תַּתָּאָה דְּלֵית בָּהּ פִּתְחָא וְאִתְאֲבִיד וְלָא סָלִיק מִנַּהּ לְעָלְמִין וְעַל דָּא כְּתִיב (איוב ז') כָּלָה עָנָן וַיֵּלֶךְ כֵּן יוֹרֵד שְׁאוֹל לֹא יַעֲלֶה וְלָא וְהָא כְּתִיב (יונה ב') מִבֶּטֶן שְׁאוֹל שִׁוַּעְתִּי שָׁמַעְתָּ וְגוֹמֵר. וּכְתִיב (שמואל א' ב') מוֹרִיד שְׁאוֹל וַיָּעַל אֶלָּא הָכָא שְׁאוֹל הָתָם תַּחְתִּית וְאוֹקִימְנָא הָא דְּאַהֲדַר בֵּיהּ הָא דְּלָא אַהֲדַר בֵּיהּ:
לָמַדְנוּ, כָּל מִי שֶׁשָּׁמַע בְּרָכָה מֵאוֹתוֹ שֶׁמְּבָרֵךְ, וְלֹא כִּוֵּן לִבּוֹ בְּאָמֵן, עָלָיו נֶאֱמַר וּבוֹזַי יֵקַלּוּ. כְּשׁ''א לָכֶם הַכֹּהֲנִים בּוֹזֵי שְׁמִי. מַה עָנְשׁוֹ. הוּא, כְּמוֹ שֶׁלֹּא פָּתַח בְּרָכוֹת לְמַעְלָה כָּךְ אֵין פּוֹתְחִים לוֹ בְּרָכוֹת. וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁיּוֹצֵא מֵעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, מַכְרִיזִים לְפָנָיו וְאוֹמְרִים, סִגְרוּ הַפְּתָחִים לִפְנֵי פְּלוֹנִי, וְלֹא יִכָּנֵס, וְלֹא תְּקַבְּלוּ אוֹתוֹ. אוֹי לוֹ, אוֹי לְנִשְׁמָתוֹ. לָמַדְנוּ רְשָׁעִים שֶׁבַּגֵּיהִנֹּם, כֻּלָּם עוֹלִים בְּמָדוֹרִים יְדוּעִים. וְכַמָּה פְּתָחִים יֵשׁ בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם, וְכָל הַפְּתָחִים הֵם כְּנֶגֶד הַפְּתָחִים שֶׁבְּגַן עֵדֶן. וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁמּוֹצִיאִים מִשָּׁם אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ עָנְשָׁם, הֵם פּוֹתְחִים הַפְּתָחִים וּמֵשִׂימִים אוֹתָם לַחוּץ. וְכָל הַפְּתָחִים נִקְרָאִים בְּשֵׁמוֹת כְּנֶגֶד הַפְּתָחִים שֶׁבְּגַן עֵדֶן, וְכָל פֶּתַח וּפֶתַח שֶׁבְּגַן עֵדֶן נִקְרָא בְּשֵׁם, כְּנֶגֶד אוֹתוֹ הַפֶּתַח מֵהַבְּחִינָה שֶׁכֶּנְגְדוֹ בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם, וְאֵלּוּ הַפְּתָחִים שֶׁבְּגַן עֵדֶן, נוֹדָעִים, פְּתָחִים כְּנֶגֶד פְּתָחִים. בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם יֵשׁ מָדוֹר אַחֲרוֹן, הַתַּחְתּוֹן שֶׁל כֻּלָּם. וּמָדוֹר הַהוּא הוּא כָּפוּל, מָדוֹר עַל מָדוֹר, וְנִקְרָא אֶרֶץ עֵיפָתָה, מַהוּ עֵיפָתָה. הוּא כְּשׁ''א רָבוּעַ יִהְיֶה כָּפוּל, וּמִתַּרְגְּמִינָן מְרֻבָּע יִהְיֶה עֵיף. אַף כָּאן עֵיפָתָה, כְּלוֹמָר כְּפוּלָה. וּמָדוֹר הַהוּא נִקְרָא שְׁאוֹל תַּחְתִּית הוּא מָדוֹר הַתַּחְתּוֹן, וּמִשּׁוּם זֶה נִקְרָא, אֶרֶץ עֵיפָתָה תַּחְתִּית, וְנִקְרָא גַּם כֵּן אֲבַדּוֹן. וְעַל כֵּן כָּתוּב, שְׁאוֹל וַאֲבַדּוֹן. שֶׁהֵם, מָדוֹרִים הַכְּפוּלִים זֶה עַל זֶה. כָּל הַמָּדוֹרִים לֹא נִכְפְּלוּ, וְכֻלָּם אֵינָם עֲיֵפִים, חוּץ מִזֶּה. וְלָמַדְנוּ, מִי שֶׁיוֹרֵד לַאֲבָדוֹן, שֶׁנִּקְרָא תַּחְתִּית, אֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה לְעוֹלָם, וְאָדָם הַהוּא נִקְרָא אִישׁ שֶׁכָּלֶה וְנֶאֱבָד מִכָּל הָעוֹלָמוֹת. וְלָמַדְנוּ, לַמָקוֹם הַהוּא מוֹרִידִים לְאוֹתָם הָאֲנָשִׁים הַמְּבַזִּים לַעֲנוֹת אָמֵן. וְדָנִים אוֹתוֹ בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם עַל אָמֵנִים רַבִּים שֶׁנֶּאֱבְדוּ מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁלֹּא הֶחֱשִׁיב אוֹתָם, וּמוֹרִידִים אוֹתוֹ בְּאוֹתוֹ מָדוֹר הַתַּחְתּוֹן שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ פֶּתַח, וְנֶאֱבָד וְאֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה מִשָּׁם לְעוֹלָם. וְעַל כֵּן כָּתוּב, כָּלָה עָנָן וַיֵּלַךְ כֵּן יוֹרֵד שְׁאוֹל לֹא יַעֲלֶה. וְשׁוֹאֵל, וְלֹא. וַהֲרֵי כָּתוּב מִבֶּטֶן שְׁאוֹל שִׁוַּעְתִּי שָׁמַעְתָּ וְגוֹ', וְהוּא עָלָה מִשָּׁם. וְכָתוּב, מוֹרִיד שְׁאוֹל וַיָּעַל. וּמֵשִׁיב אֶלָּא כָּאן שְׁאוֹל. שֶׁמִּמֶּנּוּ עוֹלִים, וְשָׁם תַּחְתִּית. שֶׁמִּשָּׁם אֵינוֹ עוֹלֶה. וְהֶעֱמַדְנוּ, כָּאן שֶׁחָזַר בּוֹ שֶׁעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה. שָׁם שֶׁלֹּא חָזַר בּוֹ.
הלכה פסוקה
א. אָסוּר לְהַאֲכִיל מִי שֶׁלֹּא נָטַל יָדָיו וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא נוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ פִּיו וְאָסוּר לְזַלְזֵל בִּנְטִילַת יָדַיִם. וְצִוּוּיִים הַרְבֵּה צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים וְהִזְהִירוּ עַל הַדָּבָר אֲפִלּוּ אֵין לוֹ מַיִם אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שְׁתִיָּה נוֹטֵל יָדָיו בְּמִקְּצָתָן וְאַחַר כָּךְ אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה מִקְּצָתָן:
ב. צָרִיךְ אָדָם לְנַגֵּב אֶת יָדָיו וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֹאכַל וְכָל הָאוֹכֵל בְּלֹא נִגּוּב יָדַיִם כְּאוֹכֵל לֶחֶם טָמֵא. וְכָל הַנּוֹטֵל יָדָיו בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה מְנַגֵּב וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְבָרֵךְ וְתֵכֶף לִנְטִילַת יְדַיִם בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן וְלֹא יַפְסִיק בֵּינֵיהֶם בְּדָבָר אַחֵר אֲפִלּוּ לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם אַחַר שֶׁנּוֹטֵל יָדָיו בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה אָסוּר עַד שֶׁיְּבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן:
It is forbidden to feed any one who has not washed his hands, even if the food is put into the person's mouth. It is forbidden to treat the rite of washing the hands as a matter of slight importance. The sages have many ordinances and exhortations on this subject. Even if a person has only enough water for drinking, he should use part of it to wash his hands, take his meal, and drink the rest of the water.
The hands are to be dried first and then the meal is to be begun. To eat without having dried one's hands is the same as partaking of bread that is unclean. Anyone who washes his hands after a meal dries them and then says Grace. Immediately after washing the hands, Grace should follow without interruption. After having washed the hands at the close of a meal, it is forbidden even to drink water till Grace has been recited.
מוסר
מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת וְאֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה וְאֵין בְּפִיו תּוֹכַחַת וְעַל מַעֲשֵׂה הַחֲטָאִים לֹא יִלְטֹשׁ עַיִן וְלֹא יַשְׁגִּיחַ. וְלֹא יִהְיֶה לָהֶם לְאִישׁ מוֹכִיחַ. וְהִנֵּה נִצְטַוִּינוּ לְבַעַר הָרָע מִקֶּרֶב עַמֵּנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג) וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ. וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ: כָּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת בְּאַנְשֵׁי בֵּיתוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה, נִתְפַּשׂ עַל אַנְשֵׁי בֵיתוֹ. יֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת בְּאַנְשֵׁי עִירוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה נִתְפָּשׂ עַל אַנְשֵׁי עִירוֹ. יֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת בְּכָל הָעוֹלָם וְאֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה נִתְפַּשׂ עַל כָּל הָעוֹלָם. וְנֶאֱמַר (ויקרא כו) וְכָשְׁלוּ אִישׁ בְּאָחִיו. וְדָרְשׁוּ בּוֹ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה: אִישׁ בַּעֲוֹן אָחִיו וְאָמְרוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲרֵבִים זֶה לָזֶה:
The sixth section: One who has the ability to protest, but does not protest and has no words of reprimand in his mouth; and does not use the swords of his eyes and does not take responsibility for the deeds of sinners. So he will not be a man of reprimand, whereas we were commanded to destroy the evil from within our nation - as it is stated (Deuteronomy 13:6), “and you shall destroy the evil within you.” And our Rabbis said (Shabbat 54b), “Anyone who is in a position to protest against the members of his household and does not protest, is apprehended for the members of his household; if he is in a position to protest against the people of his city, and does not protest, he is apprehended for the people of his city; if he is in a position to protest the whole world, and does not protest, he is apprehended for the whole world.” And it is stated (Leviticus 26:37), “A man shall stumble over his brother.” And they, may their memory be blessed, expounded (Sanhedrin 27b), “‘A man over’ the iniquity of ‘his brother.’” And they said that all of Israel is responsible for one another.