תורה
יכוין בקריאת חמשה פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד הֶ דמילוי הה ראשונה דשם ב''ן להשאיר בו הארה מתוספת נפש משבת שעברה:
טז (יא) לָכֵ֗ן אַתָּה֙ וְכׇל־עֲדָ֣תְךָ֔ הַנֹּעָדִ֖ים עַל־יְהֹוָ֑ה וְאַהֲרֹ֣ן מַה־ה֔וּא כִּ֥י (תלונו) [תַלִּ֖ינוּ] עָלָֽיו׃
בְּכֵן אַתְּ וְכָל כְּנִשְׁתָּךְ דְּאִזְדַּמִּנְתּוּן עַל יְיָ וְאַהֲרֹן מָה הוּא אֲרֵי אִתְרַעַמְתּוּן עֲלוֹהִי:
(יב) וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח מֹשֶׁ֔ה לִקְרֹ֛א לְדָתָ֥ן וְלַאֲבִירָ֖ם בְּנֵ֣י אֱלִיאָ֑ב וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ לֹ֥א נַעֲלֶֽה׃
וּשְׁלַח משֶׁה לְמִקְרֵי לְדָתָן וְלַאֲבִירָם בְּנֵי אֱלִיאָב וַאֲמָרוּ לָא נִסָּק:
(יג) הַמְעַ֗ט כִּ֤י הֶֽעֱלִיתָ֙נוּ֙ מֵאֶ֨רֶץ זָבַ֤ת חָלָב֙ וּדְבַ֔שׁ לַהֲמִיתֵ֖נוּ בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר כִּֽי־תִשְׂתָּרֵ֥ר עָלֵ֖ינוּ גַּם־הִשְׂתָּרֵֽר׃
הַזְּעֵר אֲרֵי אַסֶּקְתָּנָא מֵאַרְעָא עָבְדָא חֲלַב וּדְבָשׁ לְקַטָּלוּתָנָא בְּמַדְבְּרָא אֲרֵי אִתְרַבְרַבְתְּ עֲלָנָא אַף אִתְרַבְרָבָא:
(יד) אַ֡ף לֹ֣א אֶל־אֶ֩רֶץ֩ זָבַ֨ת חָלָ֤ב וּדְבַשׁ֙ הֲבִ֣יאֹתָ֔נוּ וַתִּ֨תֶּן־לָ֔נוּ נַחֲלַ֖ת שָׂדֶ֣ה וָכָ֑רֶם הַעֵינֵ֞י הָאֲנָשִׁ֥ים הָהֵ֛ם תְּנַקֵּ֖ר לֹ֥א נַעֲלֶֽה׃
בְּרַם לָא לְאַרְעָא עָבְדָא חֲלַב וּדְבָשׁ אַעַלְתָּנָא וִיהַבְתָּא לָנָא אַחֲסָנַת חַקְלִין וְכַרְמִין הַעֵינֵי גֻּבְרַיָּא הָאִנּוּן תְּשַׁלַּח לְעַוָּרָא לָא נִסָּק:
(טו) וַיִּ֤חַר לְמֹשֶׁה֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־יְהֹוָ֔ה אַל־תֵּ֖פֶן אֶל־מִנְחָתָ֑ם לֹ֠א חֲמ֨וֹר אֶחָ֤ד מֵהֶם֙ נָשָׂ֔אתִי וְלֹ֥א הֲרֵעֹ֖תִי אֶת־אַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם׃
וּתְקֵף לְמשֶׁה לַחֲדָא וַאֲמַר קֳדָם יְיָ לָא תְקַבֵּל בְּרַעֲוָא קֻרְבַּנְהוֹן לָא חֲמָרָא דְחַד מִנְּהוֹן שְׁחָרִית וְלָא אַבְאֵשִׁית יָת חַד מִנְּהוֹן:
16 (11) For which cause both thou and all thy company who are gathered together are against the Lord: and what is Aharon, that you murmur against him?
(12) And Moshe sent to call Datan and Aviram, the sons of Eli᾽av; but they said, We will not come up:
(13) is it a small thing that thou hast brought us up out of a land flowing with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, and dost thou also make thyself a prince over us?
(14) Moreover thou hast not brought us to a land flowing with milk and honey, nor given us inheritance of fields and vineyards: wilt thou put out the eyes of these men? we will not come up.
(15) And Moshe was much angered, and said to the Lord, Have no regard to their offering: I have not taken one ass from them, nor have I hurt one of them.
נביאים
יב (ט) וַֽיִּשְׁכְּח֖וּ אֶת־יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑ם וַיִּמְכֹּ֣ר אֹתָ֡ם בְּיַ֣ד סִֽיסְרָא֩ שַׂר־צְבָ֨א חָצ֜וֹר וּבְיַד־פְּלִשְׁתִּ֗ים וּבְיַד֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מוֹאָ֔ב וַיִּֽלָּחֲמ֖וּ בָּֽם׃
וְאִתְנְשִׁיאוּ יַת פּוּלְחָנָא דַייָ אֱלָהָהוֹן וּמְסַר יַתְהוֹן בְּיַד סִיסְרָא רַב חֵילָא דְחָצוֹר וּבִידָא דִפְלִשְׁתָּאֵי וּבִידָא מַלְכָּא דְמוֹאָב וְאַגִיחוּ קְרָבָא בְּהוֹן:
(י) וַיִּזְעֲק֤וּ אֶל־יְהֹוָה֙ (ויאמר) [וַיֹּֽאמְר֣וּ] חָטָ֔אנוּ כִּ֤י עָזַ֙בְנוּ֙ אֶת־יְהֹוָ֔ה וַנַּעֲבֹ֥ד אֶת־הַבְּעָלִ֖ים וְאֶת־הָעַשְׁתָּר֑וֹת וְעַתָּ֗ה הַצִּילֵ֛נוּ מִיַּ֥ד אֹיְבֵ֖ינוּ וְנַעַבְדֶֽךָּ׃
וּזְעִיקוּ קֳדָם יְיָ וַאֲמַרוּ חַבְנָא אֲרֵי שְׁבַקְנָא יַת פּוּלְחָנָא דַייָ וּפְלַחְנָא יַת בְּעָלַיָא וְיַת עַשְׁתְּרָתָא וּכְעַן שֵׁיזְבָנָא מִיַד בַּעֲלֵי דְבָבָנָא וְנִפְלַח קֳדָמָךְ:
(יא) וַיִּשְׁלַ֤ח יְהֹוָה֙ אֶת־יְרֻבַּ֣עַל וְאֶת־בְּדָ֔ן וְאֶת־יִפְתָּ֖ח וְאֶת־שְׁמוּאֵ֑ל וַיַּצֵּ֨ל אֶתְכֶ֜ם מִיַּ֤ד אֹֽיְבֵיכֶם֙ מִסָּבִ֔יב וַתֵּשְׁב֖וּ בֶּֽטַח׃
וּשְׁלַח יְיָ יַת גִדְעוֹן וְיַת שִׁמְשׁוֹן וְיַת יִפְתָּח וְיַת שְׁמוּאֵל וְשֵׁיזֵיב יַתְכוֹן מִיַד בַעֲלֵי דְבָבֵיכוֹן מִסְחוֹר סְחוֹר וִיתֵיבְתּוּן לְרוֹחֲצָן:
(יב) וַתִּרְא֗וּ כִּֽי־נָחָ֞שׁ מֶ֣לֶךְ בְּנֵֽי־עַמּוֹן֮ בָּ֣א עֲלֵיכֶם֒ וַתֹּ֣אמְרוּ לִ֔י לֹ֕א כִּי־מֶ֖לֶךְ יִמְלֹ֣ךְ עָלֵ֑ינוּ וַיהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם מַלְכְּכֶֽם׃
וַחֲזֵיתוּן אֲרֵי נָחָשׁ מַלְכָּא דִבְנֵי עַמוֹן אָתָא עֲלֵיכוֹן וַאֲמַרְתּוּן לִי לָא אֱלָהֵין מַלְכָּא יִמְלוֹךְ עֲלָנָא וַיְיָ אֱלָהָכוֹן מַלְכְּכוֹן:
(יג) וְעַתָּ֗ה הִנֵּ֥ה הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּחַרְתֶּ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר שְׁאֶלְתֶּ֑ם וְהִנֵּ֨ה נָתַ֧ן יְהֹוָ֛ה עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם מֶֽלֶךְ׃
וּכְעַן הָא מַלְכָּא דְאִתְרְעִיתוּן דִי שְׁאֶלְתּוּן וְהָא מַנֵי יְיָ עֲלֵיכוֹן מַלְכָּא:
12 (9) And when they forgot the Lord their God, he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Ḥażor, and into the hand of the Pelishtim, and into the hand of the king of Mo᾽av, and they fought against them.
(10) And they cried to the Lord, and said, We have sinned, because we have forsaken the Lord, and have served the Ba῾alim and the ῾Ashtarot: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve Thee.
(11) And the Lord sent Yerubba῾al, and Bedan, and Yiftaĥ, and Shemu᾽el, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies round about, and you dwelled secure.
(12) And when you saw that Naĥash the king of the children of ῾Ammon came against you, you said to me, No; but a king shall reign over us: when the Lord your God was your king.
(13) Now therefore behold the king whom you have chosen, and whom you have desired! for behold, the Lord has set a king over you.
כתובים
עג (יא) וְֽאָמְר֗וּ אֵיכָ֥ה יָדַֽע־אֵ֑ל וְיֵ֖שׁ דֵּעָ֣ה בְעֶלְיֽוֹן׃
וְיֵימְרוּן הֵכְדֵין יְדַע אֱלָהָא וְאִית מַנְדְעָא בְּעִלָאָה:
(יב) הִנֵּה־אֵ֥לֶּה רְשָׁעִ֑ים וְשַׁלְוֵ֥י ע֝וֹלָ֗ם הִשְׂגּוּ־חָֽיִל׃
הָא אִלֵין רַשִׁיעַיָא דְיָתְבִין בְּשַׁלְוָתָא בְּעַלְמָא הָדֵין אַדְבִּיקוּ נִכְסִין קְנוּ חֵילָא:
(יג) אַךְ־רִ֭יק זִכִּ֣יתִי לְבָבִ֑י וָאֶרְחַ֖ץ בְּנִקָּי֣וֹן כַּפָּֽי׃
בְּרַם לִסְרִיקוּתָא זַכְוַת לִבְבִי וְשֵׁזְבֵית בִּבְרִירוּ יְדָי:
(יד) וָאֱהִ֣י נָ֭גוּעַ כׇּל־הַיּ֑וֹם וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לַבְּקָרִֽים׃
וַהֲוֵיתִי כַתִּישׁ כָּל יוֹמָא וּמַכְסְנוּתִי לְצַפְרִירֵי:
(טו) אִם־אָ֭מַרְתִּי אֲסַפְּרָ֥ה כְמ֑וֹ הִנֵּ֤ה ד֖וֹר בָּנֶ֣יךָ בָגָֽדְתִּי׃
אִין אֲמַרֵית אִשְׁתָּעִי דִכְמָתְהוֹן הָא עַל דָר בְּנָיִךְ אַרְשֵׁעִית:
73 (11) And they say, How does God know? and is there knowledge in the most High?
(12) Behold, these are the wicked, always at ease; they increase in riches.
(13) Surely I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency;
(14) for all the day I have been stricken, and chastised every morning.
(15) If I had said, I will speak thus; behold, I should have offended against the generation of Thy children.
משנה
א. הַנִּזָּקִין שָׁמִין לָהֶם בְּעִדִּית וּבַעַל חוֹב בְּבֵינוֹנִית, וּכְתֻבַּת אִשָּׁה בְּזִבּוּרִית. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אַף כְּתֻבַּת אִשָּׁה בְּבֵינוֹנִית:
ב. אֵין נִפְרָעִין מִנְּכָסִים מְשֻׁעְבָּדִים בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ נְכָסִים בְּנֵי חוֹרִין, וַאֲפִלּוּ הֵן זִבּוּרִית. אֵין נִפְרָעִין מִנִּכְסֵי יְתוֹמִים, אֶלָּא מִן הַזִּבּוּרִית:
ג. אֵין מוֹצִיאִין לַאֲכִילַת פֵּרוֹת וּלְשֶׁבַח קַרְקָעוֹת וְלִמְזוֹן הָאִשָּׁה וְהַבָּנוֹת מִנְּכָסִים מְשֻׁעְבָּדִים, מִפְּנֵי תִקּוּן הָעוֹלָם. וְהַמּוֹצֵא מְצִיאָה, לֹא יִשָּׁבַע, מִפְּנֵי תִקּוּן הָעוֹלָם:
ד. יְתוֹמִים שֶׁסָּמְכוּ אֵצֶל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אוֹ שֶׁמִּנָּה לָהֶן אֲבִיהֶן אַפּוֹטְרוֹפּוֹס, חַיָּב לְעַשֵּׂר פֵּרוֹתֵיהֶן. אַפּוֹטְרוֹפּוֹס שֶׁמִּנָּהוּ אֲבִי יְתוֹמִים, יִשָּׁבֵעַ. מִנָּהוּ בֵית דִּין, לֹא יִשָּׁבֵעַ. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר, חִלּוּף הַדְּבָרִים. הַמְטַמֵּא וְהַמְדַמֵּעַ וְהַמְנַסֵּךְ בְּשׁוֹגֵג, פָּטוּר. בְּמֵזִיד, חַיָּב. הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁפִּגְּלוּ בַמִּקְדָּשׁ מְזִידִין, חַיָּבִין:
ה. הֵעִיד רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן גֻּדְגְּדָה עַל הַחֵרֶשֶׁת שֶׁהִשִּׂיאָהּ אָבִיהָ, שֶׁהִיא יוֹצְאָה בְגֵט. וְעַל קְטַנָּה בַת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּשֵּׂאת לְכֹהֵן, שֶׁאוֹכֶלֶת בַּתְּרוּמָה, וְאִם מֵתָה, בַּעְלָהּ יוֹרְשָׁהּ. וְעַל הַמָּרִישׁ הַגָּזוּל שֶׁבְּנָאוֹ בַבִּירָה, שֶׁיִּטֹּל אֶת דָּמָיו, מִפְּנֵי תַקָּנַת הַשָּׁבִים. וְעַל חַטָּאת הַגְּזוּלָה שֶׁלֹּא נוֹדְעָה לָרַבִּים, שֶׁהִיא מְכַפֶּרֶת, מִפְּנֵי תִקּוּן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ:
ו. לֹא הָיָה סִיקָרִיקוֹן בִּיהוּדָה בַהֲרוּגֵי מִלְחָמָה. מֵהֲרוּגֵי מִלְחָמָה וְאֵילָךְ, יֶשׁ בָּהּ סִיקָרִיקוֹן. כֵּיצַד. לָקַח מִסִּיקָרִיקוֹן וְחָזַר וְלָקַח מִבַּעַל הַבַּיִת, מִקָּחוֹ בָטֵל. מִבַּעַל הַבַּיִת וְחָזַר וְלָקַח מִסִּיקָרִיקוֹן, מִקָּחוֹ קַיָּם. לָקַח מִן הָאִישׁ וְחָזַר וְלָקַח מִן הָאִשָּׁה, מִקָּחוֹ בָטֵל. מִן הָאִשָּׁה וְחָזַר וְלָקַח מִן הָאִישׁ, מִקָּחוֹ קַיָּם. זוֹ מִשְׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה. בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל אַחֲרֵיהֶם אָמְרוּ, הַלּוֹקֵחַ מִסִּיקָרִיקוֹן נוֹתֵן לַבְּעָלִים רְבִיעַ. אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁאֵין בְּיָדָן לִקַּח. אֲבָל יֵשׁ בְּיָדָן לִקַּח, הֵן קוֹדְמִין לְכָל אָדָם. רַבִּי הוֹשִׁיב בֵּית דִּין וְנִמְנוּ, שֶׁאִם שָׁהֲתָה בִפְנֵי סִיקָרִיקוֹן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, כָּל הַקּוֹדֵם לִקַּח, זוֹכֶה, אֲבָל נוֹתֵן לַבְּעָלִים רְבִיעַ:
ז. חֵרֵשׁ רוֹמֵז וְנִרְמָז. וּבֶן בְּתֵירָא אוֹמֵר, קוֹפֵץ וְנִקְפָּץ, בְּמִטַּלְטְלִין. הַפָּעוֹטוֹת, מִקָּחָן מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּרָן מִמְכָּר, בְּמִטַּלְטְלִין:
ח. וְאֵלּוּ דְבָרִים אָמְרוּ מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. כֹּהֵן קוֹרֵא רִאשׁוֹן, וְאַחֲרָיו לֵוִי וְאַחֲרָיו יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. מְעָרְבִין בְּבַיִת יָשָׁן, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. בּוֹר שֶׁהוּא קָרוֹב לָאַמָּה, מִתְמַלֵּא רִאשׁוֹן, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. מְצוּדוֹת חַיָּה וְעוֹפוֹת וְדָגִים יֵשׁ בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם גָּזֵל, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, גָּזֵל גָּמוּר. מְצִיאַת חֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן, יֵשׁ בָּהֶן מִשּׁוּם גָּזֵל, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, גָּזֵל גָּמוּר. עָנִי הַמְנַקֵּף בְּרֹאשׁ הַזַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁתַּחְתָּיו גָּזֵל, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, גָּזֵל גָּמוּר. אֵין מְמַחִין בְּיַד עֲנִיֵּי גוֹיִם בְּלֶקֶט שִׁכְחָה וּפֵאָה, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם:
ט. מַשְׁאֶלֶת אִשָּׁה לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ הַחֲשׁוּדָה עַל הַשְּׁבִיעִית, נָפָה וּכְבָרָה וְרֵחַיִם וְתַנּוּר, אֲבָל לֹא תָבֹר וְלֹא תִטְחַן עִמָּהּ. אֵשֶׁת חָבֵר מַשְׁאֶלֶת לְאֵשֶׁת עַם הָאָרֶץ, נָפָה וּכְבָרָה, וּבוֹרֶרֶת וְטוֹחֶנֶת וּמַרְקֶדֶת עִמָּהּ, אֲבָל מִשֶּׁתַּטִּיל הַמַּיִם, לֹא תִגַּע עִמָּהּ, לְפִי שֶׁאֵין מַחֲזִיקִין יְדֵי עוֹבְרֵי עֲבֵרָה. וְכֻלָּן לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. וּמַחֲזִיקִין יְדֵי גוֹיִם בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, אֲבָל לֹא יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְשׁוֹאֲלִין בִּשְׁלוֹמָן, מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם:
1. The court appraises land of superior quality [iddit] for payment to injured parties. And a creditor collects his debt from the debtor’s intermediate-quality land. And payment of a woman’s marriage contract is collected from her husband’s inferior-quality land. Rabbi Meir says: Payment of a woman’s marriage contract is also collected from intermediate-quality land.
2. Payment of a debt or other obligation is not collected from liened property that has been sold to a third party when the debtor still has unsold property, even when this unsold property is inferior-quality land. The creditor cannot collect his debt from liened property that the debtor has sold to another person as long as the debtor is still in possession of other property, even if the remaining assets are inferior to those to which the creditor would otherwise have been entitled. If one who owed money died and his children inherited his property, the father’s debt can be collected from the property of the orphans only from inferior-quality land.
3. The court does not appropriate liened property that has been sold to a third party for the consumption of produce or for the enhanced value of land. If one appropriated a field and sold it, and the buyer worked the land, enhanced it, and grew produce on it, and then the initial owner from whom the field had been stolen took back the land and the produce from the buyer, compensating him only for his expenses, then the buyer may go back to the seller, i.e., the robber, and collect his losses. He can collect the purchase price of the field even from property that the robber sold to another person. By contrast, the value of the produce and the enhancement in the value of the field, which resulted from his actions, may be collected only from the robber’s unsold property. And similarly, payment for the sustenance of a man’s wife and daughters cannot be collected from his liened property. One of the stipulations included in a marriage contract is that after the husband dies, his widow and daughters are entitled to sustenance from his estate. This sustenance cannot be collected from husband’s liened property that has been sold to another person, but only from his unsold property inherited by his heirs. All of these enactments were made for the betterment of the world. And it was further instituted that one who finds a lost item and returns it to its rightful owner is not required to take an oath that he did not keep any part of the lost item for himself. This ordinance was also instituted for the betterment of the world.
4. With regard to orphans who are living with a homeowner who takes care of all their needs and affairs, even if neither their father nor the court officially appointed him to this task, or if their father appointed a steward [apotropos] for them, this person is obligated to tithe their produce. With regard to a steward who was appointed by the orphans’ father, when he returns all of the property to the orphans upon their reaching adulthood, he takes an oath that he took nothing of theirs for himself. By contrast, if the court appointed him to serve as a steward for them, then he is not required to take such an oath. Abba Shaul says: The matters are reversed. A steward appointed by the court takes an oath, but a steward appointed by the orphans’ father is not required to do so. With regard to one who renders another’s food ritually impure, or one who mixes teruma with another’s non-sacred produce, or one who pours another’s wine as a libation before an idol, in each of these cases causing the other a monetary loss, if he acted unintentionally, he is exempt from paying for the damage. If he acted intentionally, he is liable to pay. If priests disqualified an offering with improper intention in the Temple, by expressing, while sacrificing the offering, the intention of sprinkling the blood of the offering, burning its fats on the altar, or consuming it, after its appointed time, and they did so intentionally, they are liable to pay the value of the offering to its owner, who must now bring another offering.
5. Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Gudgeda testified before the Sages about the case of a deaf-mute woman who was married off by her father when she was a minor, so that her marriage took effect by Torah law. He said that she can be released from her marriage through a bill of divorce, whether as a minor or after she reaches adulthood. Although as a deaf-mute woman she is not legally competent to give her consent, the divorce is effective because divorce does not require the woman’s consent. And similarly, he testified about the case of the minor daughter of a non-priest who was orphaned from her father and then married off to a priest by her mother or brother, so that her marriage took effect by rabbinic law. He said that nevertheless she may partake of teruma, although by Torah law it is prohibited for one who is not in a priestly household to partake of teruma. And furthermore if this girl dies, then her husband inherits her estate. It is not said that because the validity of the marriage is by rabbinic law and not Torah law he is not entitled to inherit from her. And Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Gudgeda further testified about a stolen beam that was already built into a large building [bira], that the victim of the robbery receives only the value of the beam but not the beam itself, due to an ordinance instituted for the penitent. By Torah law, a robber is obligated to return any stolen item in his possession, provided that its form has not been altered. If one stole a beam and incorporated it into a building, then by Torah law he would have to destroy the building and return the beam. In order to encourage repentance, the Sages were lenient and allowed a robber to return the value of the beam. And lastly, Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Gudgeda testified about a sin-offering that was obtained through robbery but that was not publicly known to have been obtained in that manner. He said that it effects atonement for the robber who sacrifices it, for the benefit of the altar, as will be explained in the Gemara.
6. The law of Sicarii [Sikarikon] did not apply in Judea in the time that people were being killed in the war. From the time that people were being killed in the war and onward, the law of Sicarii did apply there. What is this law of Sicarii? If one first purchased land from a Sicarius, who extorted the field from its prior owners with threats, and afterward the buyer returned and purchased the same field a second time from the prior landowner, his purchase is void. The prior owner of the field can say that he did not actually mean to sell him the field. By contrast, if he first acquired the field from the prior owner and afterward he returned and purchased the same field from a Sicarius, his purchase stands. Similarly, if one first purchased from the husband the rights to use a field belonging to his wife, and afterward he returned and purchased the same field from the wife, so that if the husband were to predecease or divorce her, the purchaser would then own it fully, his purchase is void. The woman can claim that she did not wish to quarrel with her husband and to object to the transaction but that in truth she did not agree to the sale. By contrast, if he first acquired the field from the wife, and afterward he returned and purchased the same field from the husband, his purchase stands. This is the initial version of this mishna. Later, the court of those who came after the Sages who composed that mishna said: With regard to one who purchased a field from a Sicarius, he must give the prior owner one-fourth of the field’s value. When does this apply? At a time when the prior owner is unable to purchase the field himself. But if he is able to purchase it himself, he precedes anyone else. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi later convened a court, and they counted their votes and determined that if the field remained before, i.e., in the possession of, the Sicarius for twelve months, whoever first purchases the field acquires possession of it, but he must give the prior owner one-fourth of the field’s value.
7. The following enactments were also made for the betterment of the world: A deaf-mute may express his wishes through gestures [romez]; that is to say, he can signal that he wishes to buy or sell a certain item, and the purchase or sale is valid. And similarly he may respond to others through gestures; that is to say, he can signal that he agrees to a transaction initiated by another party, and the transaction is valid. And ben Beteira says: Signals are not necessary, as even if he expresses his wishes to buy or sell through lip movements [kofetz] or responds to others through lip movements, the transaction is valid. These halakhot apply to transactions involving movable property. It was similarly enacted that a purchase made by young children [paotot] is a valid purchase, and a sale made by them is a valid sale. These halakhot apply to transactions involving movable property.
8. Having mentioned a series of enactments instituted by the Sages for the sake of the betterment of the world, the Gemara continues: These are the matters that the Sages instituted on account of the ways of peace, i.e., to foster peace and prevent strife and controversy: At public readings of the Torah, a priest reads first, and after him a Levite, and after him an Israelite. The Sages instituted this order on account of the ways of peace, so that people should not quarrel about who is the most distinguished member of the community. Similarly, the Sages enacted that a joining of courtyards is placed in an old house where it had regularly been placed on account of the ways of peace, as will be explained in the Gemara. The Sages enacted that the pit that is nearest to the irrigation channel that supplies water to several pits or fields is filled first on account of the ways of peace. They established a fixed order for the irrigation of fields, so that people would not quarrel over who is given precedence. Animals, birds, or fish that were caught in traps are not acquired by the one who set the traps until he actually takes possession of them. Nevertheless, if another person comes and takes them, it is considered robbery on account of the ways of peace. Rabbi Yosei says: This is full-fledged robbery. Similarly, a lost item found by a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor is not acquired by him, since he lacks the legal competence to effect acquisition. Nevertheless, taking such an item from him is considered robbery on account of the ways of peace. Rabbi Yosei says: This is full-fledged robbery. If a poor person gleans olives at the top of an olive tree and olives fall to the ground under the tree, then taking those olives that are beneath it is considered robbery on account of the ways of peace. Rabbi Yosei says: This is full-fledged robbery. One does not protest against poor gentiles who come to take gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and the produce in the corner of the field, which is given to the poor [pe’a], although they are meant exclusively for the Jewish poor, on account of the ways of peace.
9. A woman may lend utensils to her friend who is suspect with regard to eating produce that grew in the Sabbatical Year after the time that such produce must be removed from the house and may no longer be eaten. The utensils that she may lend her include: A winnow, a sieve, a mill, and an oven. Lending her such utensils is not considered aiding in the commission of a transgression. But she may not select the grain from the chaff or grind wheat with her, i.e., she may not actively assist her in the performance of a sin. The wife of a ḥaver, one who is devoted to the meticulous observance of mitzvot, especially the halakhot of ritual purity, teruma, and tithes, may lend the wife of an am ha’aretz, one who is not scrupulous in these areas, a winnow and a sieve, and she may even select, grind, and sift with her. But once the wife of the am ha’aretz pours water into the flour, thereby rendering it susceptible to ritual impurity, the wife of the ḥaver may not touch anything with her, because one may not assist those who commit transgressions. And all of the allowances mentioned in the mishna were stated only on account of the ways of peace. And one may assist gentiles who work the land during the Sabbatical Year, but one may not assist Jews who do this. Similarly, one may extend greetings to gentiles on account of the ways of peace.
גמרא
כֹּהֵן קוֹרֵא רִאשׁוֹן וְכוּ' מְנָהָנֵי מִילֵי אָמַר רַב מַתְנָה דְאָמַר קְרָא (דברים ל''א) וַיִּכְתּוֹב משֶה אֶת הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת וַיִּתְּנָהּ אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים בְּנֵי לֵוִי אָטוּ אֲנָא לָא יָדַעְנָא דְכֹהֲנִים בְּנֵי לֵוִי נִינְהוּ אֶלָּא כֹהֵן בְּרֵישָׁא וְהָדַר לֵוִי. רִבִּי יִצְחָק נַפַחָא אָמַר מֵהָכָא (שם כ''א) וְנִגְּשׁוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים בְּנֵי לֵוִי אָטוּ אֲנָן לָא יַדְעִינָן דְּכֹהֲנִים בְּנֵי לֵוִי נִינְהוּ אֶלָּא כֹהֵן בְּרֵישָׁא וְהָדַר לֵוִי. רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר מֵהָכָא (ד''ה א' כ''ג) וּבְנֵי עַמְרָם אַהֲרֹן וּמשֶה וַיִבָּדֵל אַהֲרֹן לְהַקְדִּישׁוֹ קדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים. רִבִּי חִיָּיא בַר אַבָא אָמַר מֵהָכָא (ויקרא כ''א) וְקִדַּשְׁתּוֹ לְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁבִּקְדוּשָׁה. תָּנָא דְבֵי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְקִדַּשְׁתּוֹ לְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁבִּקְדוּשָׁה לִפְתּוֹחַ רִאשׁוֹן וּלְבָרֵךְ רִאשׁוֹן וְלִיטוֹל מָנָה יָפָה רִאשׁוֹן. אָמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵּי לְרַב יוֹסֵף מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם דְאוֹרַיְיתָא הִיא. אָמַר לֵיהּ דְאוֹרַיְיתָא וּמִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם. כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּה נָמֵי מִפְּנֵי דַרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם הִיא דִּכְתִיב (משלי ג') דְּרָכֶיהָ דַרְכֵי נוֹעַם וְכָל נְתִיבוֹתֶיהָ שָׁלוֹם. אֶלָּא אָמַר אַבַּיֵּי לְכִדְמָר. דְּתַנְיָא שְׁנַיִם מַמְתִּינִין זֶה לָזֶה בְּקַעֲרָה שְׁלשָה אֵין מַמְתִּינִין. הַבּוֹצֵעַ הוּא פּוֹשֵׁט יָדוֹ תְּחִלָּה וְאִם בָּא לַחֲלוֹק כָּבוֹד לְרַבּוֹ אוֹ לְמִי שֶׁגָּדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדוֹ. וְאָמַר מָר עֲלָהּ לָא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא בִסְעוּדָה אֲבָל בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת לָא דְאָתוּ לְאִינְצוּיֵי. אָמַר רַב מַתְנָה הָא דַאֲמַרְתְּ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת לָא, לָא אֲמָרָן אֶלָּא בְּשַׁבָּתוֹת וְיָמִים טוֹבִים דִּשְׁכִיחֵי רַבִּים אֲבָל בְּשֵׁנִי וּבַחֲמִישִׁי לֹא. אֵינִי וְהָא רַב הוּנָא קָרֵי בְּכַהֲנָא בְּשַׁבָּתוֹת וְיָמִים טוֹבִים שַׁאנִי רַב הוּנָא דַאֲפִילוּ רִבִּי אָמֵי וְרִבִּי אָסֵי כָּהֲנֵי חֲשִׁיבֵי דְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵיכַף הֲווּ כָּיְיפֵי לֵיהּ. אָמַר אַבַּיֵּי נַקְטִינָן אֵין שָׁם כֹּהֵן נִתְפַּרְדָה חֲבִלָּה. וְאָמַר אַבַּיֵּי נַקְטִינָן אֵין שָׁם לֵוִי קוֹרֵא כֹהֵן. אֵינִי וְהָאָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן כֹּהֵן אַחַר כֹּהֵן לֹא יִקְרָא מִשּׁוּם פְּגָמוֹ שֶׁל רִאשׁוֹן. לֵוִי אַחַר לֵוִי לֹא יִקְרָא מִשּׁוּם פְּגַם שְׁנֵיהֶם. כִּי קָאַמְרִינָן בְּאוֹתוֹ כֹּהֵן:
GEMARA: The mishna teaches that at public readings of the Torah, a priest reads first, and after him a Levite. The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? What is the source of this halakha in the Torah? Rav Mattana said: As the verse states: “And Moses wrote this Torah, and delivered it to the priests, the sons of Levi” (Deuteronomy 31:9). The Gemara explains the inference: Is that to say I do not know that the priests are the sons of Levi? Why is it necessary for the verse to say this? Rather, the Torah was first delivered to the priests and afterward to the other Levites, and this serves as the source for the enactment that first a priest reads from the Torah, and after him a Levite.
Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa said that this halakha is derived from here, as it is written: “And the priests, the sons of Levi, shall come near” (Deuteronomy 21:5). The Gemara asks: Is that to say I do not know that the priests are the sons of Levi? Rather, the Torah was first given to the priests and afterward to the other Levites, and from this we learn that first a priest reads from the Torah, and after him a Levite.
Rav Ashi said that this halakha is derived from here: “The sons of Amram, Aaron and Moses; and Aaron was separated, that he should be sanctified as most holy” (I Chronicles 23:13). This indicates that Aaron and his descendants, the priests, are considered to be holier than the rest of the tribe of Levi. Consequently, they are given precedence in public Torah readings.
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that this halakha is derived from here, as it is stated with regard to a priest: “And you shall sanctify him” (Leviticus 21:8), giving a priest priority for every matter of sanctity. And with regard to this verse, a Sage from the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: “And you shall sanctify him,” giving a priest priority for every matter of sanctity: To open the discussion in the study hall first, to recite the blessing of Grace after Meals first, and to take a fine portion at a meal first, meaning that he can choose any portion at a meal for himself.
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: According to this, why does the mishna teach that the priest reads first from the Torah on account of the ways of peace, indicating that this is a rabbinic enactment? Is it not by Torah law that he reads first? Rav Yosef said to Abaye: Indeed, it is by Torah law, but the reason that the priest reads first is on account of the ways of peace.
Abaye objected: Aren’t the halakhot of the entire Torah also given on account of the ways of peace, as it is written: “Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace” (Proverbs 3:17)? Consequently, this halakha is no different from the other halakhot in the Torah, all of which were given to increase pleasantness and tranquility in the world.
Rather, Abaye said: The mishna’s statement that a priest reads first from the Torah on account of the ways of peace is in accordance with what was said by my master, Rabba. As it is taught in a baraita (Tosefta, Berakhot 5:3): When two people are eating together from a single dish, they must wait for each other, but if there are three, each eats when he wishes and they do not need to wait for each other. Generally, the one who breaks bread extends his hand to take food first, but if he wishes to show respect to his teacher or to one who is greater than he and allow him to take first, he has permission to do so.
And the Master, Rabba, said with regard to this baraita: They taught this with regard to a meal, that one may show honor to a person of greater stature and allow him to take food first. But in the synagogue, one may not show another honor, because the congregants are liable to come to quarrel about who is the most distinguished among them. Accordingly, the ruling of the mishna is that to prevent strife and controversy, it is not permitted for a priest to honor an Israelite and allow him to read first from the Torah in his place.
Rav Mattana said: With regard to this matter that you stated, that in the synagogue a priest is not permitted to honor an Israelite and allow him to read first, we said this only concerning Shabbatot and Festivals, when many people are present for the services, but not on Mondays and Thursdays, when only a small number of people are there. On those days it is permitted for one to honor his superior, and there is no concern that this will lead to a quarrel.
The Gemara asks: Is that so? Is it actually prohibited for a priest to honor his teacher and allow him to read first in his place? But didn’t Rav Huna, who was not a priest, read the Torah section ordinarily reserved for priests, even on Shabbatot and Festivals? The Gemara answers: Rav Huna is different, as even Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi, the most important priests in Eretz Yisrael, were subject to his jurisdiction. Therefore, there was no concern about a quarrel, because everyone agreed that he was the leading authority of the generation and it was fitting that he should read from the Torah first.
§ Abaye said that we have a tradition that if there is no priest there in the synagogue at the time of the Torah reading, the bundle is separated, i.e., a Levite is not shown precedence over Israelites. And Abaye said that we have a tradition that if there is no Levite there in the synagogue, a priest reads in his place.
The Gemara asks: Is that so? But didn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan say: One priest should not read after another priest, because people might mistakenly think that the second priest was called to read due to a flaw that was found in the status of the first one, i.e., that he was found not to be a priest. And one Levite should not read after another Levite, because people might mistakenly think that there is a flaw in both of them. If two Levites read one after the other, people might say that the second is not a Levite but an Israelite, or else that the first was not a Levite, and therefore a real Levite was called to read in his place. The Gemara answers: When we said that when there is no Levite present a priest reads in his place, we were speaking of the same priest who had already read from the Torah, for in that case there is no concern that people will think that a flaw had been found in his status.
זוהר
רִבִּי יְהוּדָה פָּתַח (איוב לד) שִׁמְעוּ חֲכָמִים מִלַּי וְיוֹדְעִים הַאֲזִינוּ לִי. הָאי קְרָא אֱלִיהוּא אָמָרוֹ. תָא חֲזֵי מַה כְתִיב (שם לב) וּבִשְׁלשֶת רֵעָיו חָרָה אַפּוֹ עַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא מָצְאוּ מַעֲנֶה וְגוֹמֵר. דְהָא אִינוּן הֲווֹ אַמְרֵי מִילִין וְאִיוֹב לָא הֲוָה אִתְנְחִים עָלַיְיהוּ. מֵהָכָא אוֹלִיפְנָא מָאן דְעָאל לְנַחֲמָא לְאָבֵל בָּעֵי לְיַסְדָא מִילִין בְּקַדְמִיתָא. דְהָא חַבְרַיָיא דְאִיוֹב הֲווֹ אַמְרֵי מִלֵּי קְשׁוֹט אֲבָל לְנַחֲמָא לֵיהּ לָאוּ בְגִין דְבָעֵי מִלִּין דְּאִיהוּ יוֹדֵי עֲלַיְיהוּ (בְאֹרַח קְשׁוֹט) וּכְדֵין יְקַבֵּל עֲלֵיהּ דִינָא וְיוֹדֵי לְמַלְכָּא קַדִּישָׁא עָלֵיהּ מַה כְתִיב וֶאֱלִיהוּא חִכָּה אֶת אִיוֹב בִּדְבָרִים וְגוֹמֵר. דְאוֹדֵי לְבָתָר לְקֻדְשָׁא בְרִיךְ הוּא וְקַבִּיל עָלֵיהּ דִּינָא דִשְׁמַיָּא. תָא חֲזֵי כְתִיב (איוב לד) לָכֵן אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב שִׁמְעוּ לִי חֲלִילָה לָאֵל מֵרֶשַׁע וְשַׁדָּי מֵעָוֶל. לָכֵן אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב שִׁמְעוּ לִי שְׁלֵימִין בְכֹלָא לְאַבְחֲנָא מִלִּין. חֲלִילָה לָאֵל מֵרֶשַׁע הָדָא הוּא דִכְתִּיב וְאֵל זוֹעֵם בְּכָל יוֹם וְשַׁדָּי מֵעָוֶל דָּא סָמִיךְ לְקָבְלָא דָא (וְהָא אוּקְמוּהָ) אֵל שַׁדָּי. (שם) כִּי פּוֹעַל אָדָם יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ הָא בַר נָשׁ אָזִיל בְהָאי עַלְמָא וְעָבִיד עֲבִידְתּוֹי וְחָטֵי קָמֵי מָארֵיהּ הַהוּא עוֹבָדָא תַלְיָא עָלֵיהּ לְשַׁלְּמָא לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָדָא הוּא דִכְתִּיב כִּי פוֹעַל אָדָם יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ הַהוּא עוֹבָדָא יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ. וְעִם כָּל דָּא אִם יָשִׂים אֵלָיו לִבּוֹ כֵיוַן דְבַר נָשׁ שַׁוֵי לִבֵּיהּ וּרְעוּתֵיה לְאָתָבָא קָמֵי מָארֵיהּ כְּדֵין אֵל אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחוֹת רוּחוֹ וְנִשְׁמָתוֹ אֵלָיו יֶאֱסוֹף לְאִתְצָרְרָא בִצְרוֹרָא דְחַיֵּי וְלָא שָׁבִיק לְנַפְשֵׁיהּ לְבַר לְאִתְדְנָא בְדִינָא אַחֲרָא:
רַבִּי יְהוּדָה פָּתַח, (איוב ל''ד) שִׁמְעוּ חֲכָמִים מִלָּי וְיוֹדְעִים הַאֲזִינוּ לִי. מִקְרָא זֶה אֲמָרוֹ אֱלִיהוּא. בֹּא וּרְאֵה, מַה כָּתוּב (איוב ל''ב) וּבִשְׁלֹשֶת רֵעָיו חָרָה אַפּוֹ עַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא מָצְאוּ מַעֲנֶה וְגוֹ'. כִּי הֵם הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים דְּבָרִים, וְאִיּוֹב לֹא הָיָה מִתְנַחֵם מֵהֶם. מִכָּאן לָמַדְנוּ, מִי שֶׁבָּא לְנַחֵם אֶת הֶאָבֵל צָרִיךְ לְיַסֵּד דְּבָרִים בַּתְּחִלָּה, שֶׁיִהְיוּ רְאוּיִם לְנַחֲמוֹ. כִּי הַחֲבֵרִים שֶׁל אִיּוֹב אָמְרוּ דִּבְרֵי אֱמֶת אֲבָל לֹא לְנַחֵם אוֹתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁצְרִיכִים דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֶאָבֵל יוֹדֶה עֲלֵיהֶם, וְאָז יְקַבֵּל עָלָיו אֶת הַדִּין, וְיוֹדֶה עָלָיו לַמֶּלֶךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ. מַה כָּתוּב (איוב ל''ב) וֶאֱלִיהוּ חִכָּה אֶת אִיּוֹב בִּדְבָרִים וְגוֹ', כִּי הוֹדָה אַחַר כָּךְ אֶל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְקִבֵּל עַל עַצְמוֹ דִּין הַשָּׁמַיִם. בֹּא וּרְאֵה, כָּתוּב (איוב ל''ד) לָכֵן אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב שִׁמְעוּ לִי חָלִילָה לָאֵל מֵרֶשַׁע וְשַׁדַּי מֵעָוֶל. לָכֵן אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב שִׁמְעוּ לִי, הַיְנוּ הַשְּׁלֵמִים מִכֹּל וִיכוֹלִים לְהַבְחִין הַדְּבָרִים. חָלִילָה לָאֵל מֵרֶשַׁע, זֶ''שׁ (תהלים ז') וְאֵל זוֹעֵם בְּכָל יוֹם, שֶׁהוּא מַלְכוּת הַנִקְרָא אֵל. וְשַׁדַּי מֵעָוֶל, זֶה סָמוּךְ כְּנֶגֶד זֶה, כִּי שַׁדַּי הוּא יְסוֹד, שֶׁהוּא סָמוּךְ לָאֵל, שֶׁהוּא מַלְכוּת. וּכְבָר הֶעֱמִידוּהוּ, אֵל שַׁדַּי, שֶׁאֵל הוּא מַלְכוּת וְשַׁדַּי הוּא יְסוֹד. (איוב ל''ד) כִּי פּוֹעַל אָדָם יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ. אִם אָדָם הוֹלֵךְ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשִׂים וְחוֹטֵא לִפְנֵי אֲדוֹנוֹ, הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הַהוּא תָּלוּי עָלָיו לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ דִּין. זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר, כִּי פּוֹעַל אָדָם יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ, הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הַהוּא שֶׁעָשָׂה, יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ. וְעִם כָּל זֶה, אִם יָשִׂים אֵלַי לִבּוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָאָדָם מֵשִׂים לִבּוֹ וּרְצוֹנוֹ לָשׁוּב לִפְנֵי אֲדוֹנוֹ, אָז, אֵל אֱלֹקֵי הָרוּחוֹת רוּחוֹ וְנִשְׁמָתוֹ אֵלָיו יַאֲסוֹף, לָצוּר בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים, וְאֵינוֹ עוֹזֵב נַפְשׁוֹ בַּחוּץ לִהְיוֹתוֹ נִדּוֹן בְּדִין אַחֵר.
הלכה פסוקה
א. מִי שֶׁהִתְפַּלֵּל וְלֹא כִּוֵין אֶת לִבּוֹ יַחֲזוֹר וְיִתְפַּלֵּל בְּכַוָּונָה וְאִם כִּיוֵן אֶת לִבּוֹ בִּבְרָכָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שׁוּב אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ. מִי שֶׁטָּעָה בְּאַחַת מִשְּׁלש בְּרָכוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת חוֹזֵר לְרֹאשׁ. וְאִם טָעָה בְאַחַת מִשְׁלשׁ בְּרָכוֹת אַחֲרוֹנוֹת יַחֲזוֹר לַעֲבוֹדָה. וְאִם טָעָה בְּאַחַת מִן הָאֶמְצָעִיּוֹת חוֹזֵר לִתְחִלַּת בְּרָכָה שֶׁטָּעָה בָּהּ וּמַשְׁלִים תְּפִלָּתוֹ עַל הַסֵּדֶר. וְכֵן שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר שֶׁטָּעָה כְּשֶׁהוּא מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּקוֹל רָם עַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ הוּא חוֹזֵר:
ב. אֲבָל אִם טָעָה שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר כְּשֶׁהוּא מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּלַחַשׁ אֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁאֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה מִפְּנֵי טוֹרַח צִבּוּר אֶלָּא סוֹמֵךְ עַל הַתְּפִלָּה שֶׁמִּתְפַּלֵּל בְּקוֹל רָם. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא טָעָה בְּשָׁלשׁ רִאשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁאִם טָעָה בָּהֶם לְעוֹלָם חוֹזֵר כְּמוֹ שֶׁהַיָּחִיד חוֹזֵר:
If one has recited the Amidah without devotion, he should recite it again devoutly. If he, however, concentrated his attention during the recital of the first blessing, he need not read the prayer again. If one committed an error in one of the first three blessings, he has to turn back to the beginning of the Amidah. If he made a mistake in one of the last three blessings, he turns back to the blessing relating to the restoration of the Temple Service. If he made a mistake in one of the intermediate blessings, he turns back to the beginning of the blessing in which he made the mistake, and then continues the Service in regular order to the end. The reader, if he makes a mistake when reading the Amidah aloud, follows the same rules.
But if the reader made a mistake while silently reading the Amidah, he does not, in my opinion, recite it silently a second time, so as not to incommode the congregation. He relies on his repetition of the Amidah which he will recite aloud. This is so if he had made no mistake in the first three blessings. If however the mistake was in one of these, he turns back to the beginning of the Amidah, like any layman.
מוסר
כְּלָלָהּ שֶׁל חָכְמָה שְׁתִיקָה. מִלָּה בְּסֶלַע שְׁתִיקוּתָא בִּתְרֵין. כְּשֶׁאֲנִי מְדַבֵּר אֲנִי מִתְחָרֵט וּכְשֶׁאֵינִי מְדַבֵּר אֵינִי מִתְחָרֵט. עַד שֶׁלֹּא דִבַּרְתִּי אֲנִי שַׁלִּיט וּמוֹשֵׁל עַל דְּבָרַי אֲבָל כְּשֶׁיָּצַא הַדָּבָר מִפִּי אָז הַדָּבָר מוֹשֶׁל בִּי: (דברים יג) וְנָתַן לְךָ רַחֲמִים וְרִחֲמְךָ הַמְּרַחֵם עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם יְרַחֲמוּ עָלָיו אִם אֵין אָדָם מְרַחֵם מַה בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאֵינָה מַקְפֶּדֶת וְחוֹשֶׁשֶׁת בְּצַעַר חֲבֵירְתָּה. אָמַר הֶחָכָם מִי שֶׁזּוֹרֵעַ אֶת הַשִׂנְאָה יִקְצוֹר אֶת הַחֲרָטָה אַחֲרִית קְטָטָה חֲרָטָה. הַמְתֵּן מְעַט וְלֹא תִּתְחָרֵט. הַלֵּיצָנוּת מַעֲבִיר הַמּוֹרָא וְהִיא שְׁנִיָה לָעֶרְוָה. וְכָל הַמִּתְלוֹצֵץ נוֹפֵל בְּגֵיהִנָּם וְאֵינוֹ זוֹכֶה לְהַקְבִּיל פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה. כְּמוֹ שֶׁדָרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה מִן הַמִּקְרָאוֹת בַּמֶּה יִתְנַקֵּם אָדָם מִשׂוֹנְאוֹ יוֹסִיף מַעֲלָה יְתֵירָה בְּעַצְמוֹ הַמְּתַקֵּן בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין הַבּוֹרֵא יְתַקֵּן הַבּוֹרֵא בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין בְּנֵי אָדָם: