תורה
יכוין בקריאת ארבע פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד דֲ דמילוי יו''ד דשם ב''ן להשאיר בו הארה מתוספת הרוח משבת שעברה:
א (ז) לִֽיהוּדָ֕ה נַחְשׁ֖וֹן בֶּן־עַמִּינָדָֽב׃
לִיהוּדָה נַחְשׁוֹן בַּר עַמִּינָדָב:
(ח) לְיִ֨שָּׂשכָ֔ר נְתַנְאֵ֖ל בֶּן־צוּעָֽר׃
לְיִשָּׂשכָר נְתַנְאֵל בַּר צוּעָר:
(ט) לִזְבוּלֻ֕ן אֱלִיאָ֖ב בֶּן־חֵלֹֽן׃
לִזְבוּלֻן אֱלִיאָב בַּר חֵלֹּן:
(י) לִבְנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף לְאֶפְרַ֕יִם אֱלִישָׁמָ֖ע בֶּן־עַמִּיה֑וּד לִמְנַשֶּׁ֕ה גַּמְלִיאֵ֖ל בֶּן־פְּדָהצֽוּר׃
לִבְנֵי יוֹסֵף לְאֶפְרַיִם אֱלִישָׁמָע בַּר עַמִּיהוּד לִמְנַשֶּׁה גַּמְלִיאֵל בַּר פְּדָהצוּר:
1 (7) Of Yehuda; Naĥshon the son of ῾Amminadav.
(8) Of Yissakhar; Netan᾽el the son of Żu῾ar.
(9) Of Zevulun; Eli᾽av the son of Ḥelon.
(10) Of the children of Yosef: of Efrayim; Elishama the son of ῾Ammihud: of Menashshe, Gamli᾽el the son of Pedażur.
נביאים
ב (ז) כִּ֤י זָֽנְתָה֙ אִמָּ֔ם הֹבִ֖ישָׁה הוֹרָתָ֑ם כִּ֣י אָמְרָ֗ה אֵלְכָ֞ה אַחֲרֵ֤י מְאַֽהֲבַי֙ נֹתְנֵ֤י לַחְמִי֙ וּמֵימַ֔י צַמְרִ֣י וּפִשְׁתִּ֔י שַׁמְנִ֖י וְשִׁקּוּיָֽי׃
אֲרֵי טְעַת כְּנִישְׁתְּהוֹן בָּתַר נְבִיֵי שִׁקְרָא בְּהִיתוּ מַלְפֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי אָמְרָה אֱהַךְ בָּתַר עַמְמַיָא רַחֲמֵי מְסַפְּקֵי מֵיכְלִי וּמִשְׁתִּי כְּסוּת מֵילָא וּבוּץ מְשַׁח כָּל פַּרְנוּסָי:
(ח) לָכֵ֛ן הִנְנִי־שָׂ֥ךְ אֶת־דַּרְכֵּ֖ךְ בַּסִּירִ֑ים וְגָֽדַרְתִּי֙ אֶת־גְּדֵרָ֔הּ וּנְתִיבוֹתֶ֖יהָ לֹ֥א תִמְצָֽא׃
בְּכֵן הָא אֲנָא מְקַלְקֵל יַת אוֹרְחָתִיךְ כְּמָא דְסַיְגִין בְּכוּבַיָא וְאֶפְסוֹק כְּמָא דְמַפְסְקִין בְּכָתְלַיָא וּשְׁבִילָהָא לָא תִשְׁכָּח:
(ט) וְרִדְּפָ֤ה אֶת־מְאַהֲבֶ֙יהָ֙ וְלֹא־תַשִּׂ֣יג אֹתָ֔ם וּבִקְשָׁ֖תַם וְלֹ֣א תִמְצָ֑א וְאָמְרָ֗ה אֵלְכָ֤ה וְאָשׁ֙וּבָה֙ אֶל־אִישִׁ֣י הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן כִּ֣י ט֥וֹב לִ֛י אָ֖ז מֵעָֽתָּה׃
וְתִרְדַף שְׁלַם עִם עַמְמַיָא רַחֲמָהָא וְלָא תִדְבַּק יַתְהוֹן וְתִבְּעֵי סָעִיד וְלָא תִשְׁכַּח וְתֵימַר אֱהַךְ וֶאֱתוּב לְפוּלְחָן רִבּוֹנִי קַדְמָאָה אֲרֵי טַב לִי כַּד הֲוֵיתִי פָּלְחָא קֳדָמוֹהִי מִכְעַן לָא אֶפְלַח לְטַעֲוָתָא:
(י) וְהִיא֙ לֹ֣א יָֽדְעָ֔ה כִּ֤י אָנֹכִי֙ נָתַ֣תִּי לָ֔הּ הַדָּגָ֖ן וְהַתִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְהַיִּצְהָ֑ר וְכֶ֨סֶף הִרְבֵּ֥יתִי לָ֛הּ וְזָהָ֖ב עָשׂ֥וּ לַבָּֽעַל׃
וְאִינוּן לָא יָדְעִין אֲרֵי אֲנָא בָּרְכֵית לְהוֹן עִבּוּרָא וְחַמְרָא וּמִשְׁחָא וְכַסְפָּא אַסְגֵיתִי לְהוֹן וְדַהֲבָא מִנֵיהּ עֲבָדוּ לְטַעֲוָתָא:
2 (7) For their mother has played the harlot: she who conceived them has acted shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, who give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, my oil and my drink.
(8) Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall against her, that she shall not find her paths.
(9) And she shall follow after her lovers, but she shall not catch them; and she shall seek them, but shall not find them: then she shall say, I will go and return to my first husband; for then it was better with me than now.
(10) For she did not know that it was I who gave her the corn, and the wine, and the oil, and multiplied silver and gold for her, which they used for the Ba῾al.
כתובים
ל (יד) דּ֤וֹר ׀ חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּיו֮ וּֽמַאֲכָל֢וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥יו לֶאֱכֹ֣ל עֲנִיִּ֣ים מֵאֶ֑רֶץ וְ֝אֶבְיוֹנִ֗ים מֵאָדָֽם׃ {פ}
דָרָא דְסָפְסְרֵי אִינוּן שִׁינוֹי וְחָרִיפֵי אִנוּן נִיבוֹי לְמֵיכַל מַסְכְּנֵי מֵאַרְעָא וְלַעֲלִיבֵי מִן בְּנֵי נָשָׁא:
(טו) לַ֥עֲלוּקָ֨ה ׀ שְׁתֵּ֥י בָנוֹת֮ הַ֤ב ׀ הַ֥֫ב שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן׃
לַעֲלוּקָא תַּרְתֵּין בְּנִין הַב הַב תְּלַת אִינוּן דְלָא שָׂבְעָן וְאַרְבַּע דְלָא אָמְרָן מִסְתָא:
(טז) שְׁאוֹל֮ וְעֹ֢צֶ֫ר־רָ֥חַם אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם וְ֝אֵ֗שׁ לֹא־אָ֥מְרָה הֽוֹן׃
שְׁיוֹל וְאַחֲדַת רַחֲמֵי וְאַרְעָא לָא שָׂבְעָא מַיָא וְנוּרָא לָא אָמְרָה מִסְתָּא:
(יז) עַ֤יִן ׀ תִּ֥לְעַ֣ג לְאָב֮ וְתָבֻ֢ז לִֽיקְּהַ֫ת־אֵ֥ם יִקְּר֥וּהָ עֹֽרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל וְֽיֹאכְל֥וּהָ בְנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר׃ {פ}
עֵינָא דִמְצָרְיָא לְאָב וְשָׁיְטָא קְשִׁישׁוּתָא דְאִמָא נֶחְצוּנֵיהּ עוּרְבֵי דְנַחֲלָא וְיִסַמוּן יָתֵיהּ בְּנֵי נִשְׁרָא:
30 (14) There is a generation, whose teeth are like swords, and their jaw teeth like knives, to devour the poor from off the earth, and the needy from among men.
(15) The leech has two daughters, crying, Give, give. There are three things that are never satisfied; four that never say, It is enough.
(16) She᾽ol; and the barren womb; the earth that is never sated with water; and the fire that never says, It is enough.
(17) The eye that mocks at his father, and scorns to obey his mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young vultures shall eat it.
משנה
א. הַמּוֹצֵא תְפִלִּין, מַכְנִיסָן זוּג זוּג. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, שְׁנַיִם שְׁנָיִם. בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בִּישָׁנוֹת, אֲבָל בַּחֲדָשׁוֹת, פָּטוּר. מְצָאָן צְבָתִים אוֹ כְרִיכוֹת, מַחְשִׁיךְ עֲלֵיהֶן וּמְבִיאָן. וּבַסַּכָּנָה, מְכַסָּן וְהוֹלֵךְ לוֹ:
ב. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, נוֹתְנָן לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וַחֲבֵרוֹ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, עַד שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לֶחָצֵר הַחִיצוֹנָה. וְכֵן בְּנוֹ, נוֹתְנוֹ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וַחֲבֵרוֹ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ מֵאָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, נוֹתֵן אָדָם חָבִית לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וַחֲבֵרוֹ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ חוּץ לַתְּחוּם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, לֹא תְהַלֵּךְ זוֹ יוֹתֵר מֵרַגְלֵי בְעָלֶיהָ:
ג. הָיָה קוֹרֵא בַסֵּפֶר עַל הָאַסְקֻפָּה, נִתְגַּלְגֵּל הַסֵּפֶר מִיָּדוֹ, גּוֹלְלוֹ אֶצְלוֹ. הָיָה קוֹרֵא בְרֹאשׁ הַגַּג וְנִתְגַּלְגֵּל הַסֵּפֶר מִיָּדוֹ, עַד שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעַ לַעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, גּוֹלְלוֹ אֶצְלוֹ. מִשֶּׁהִגִּיעַ לַעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, הוֹפְכוֹ עַל הַכְּתָב. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ אֵין מְסֻלָּק מִן הָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא כִמְלֹא מַחַט, גּוֹלְלוֹ אֶצְלוֹ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ בָאָרֶץ עַצְמוֹ גּוֹלְלוֹ אֶצְלוֹ, שֶׁאֵין לְךָ דָּבָר מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת עוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי כִתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ:
ד. זִיז שֶׁלִּפְנֵי חַלּוֹן, נוֹתְנִין עָלָיו וְנוֹטְלִין מִמֶּנּוּ בְשַׁבָּת. עוֹמֵד אָדָם בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וּמְטַלְטֵל בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וּמְטַלְטֵל בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יוֹצִיא חוּץ מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת:
ה. לֹא יַעֲמֹד אָדָם בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וְיַשְׁתִּין בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וְיַשְׁתִּין בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד. וְכֵן לֹא יָרֹק. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אַף מִשֶּׁנִּתְלַשׁ רֻקּוֹ בְּפִיו, לֹא יְהַלֵּךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַד שֶׁיָרֹק:
ו. לֹא יַעֲמֹד אָדָם בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָחִיד וְיִשְׁתֶּה בִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וְיִשְׁתֶּה בִרְשׁוּת הַיָחִיד, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִכְנִיס רֹאשׁוֹ וְרֻבּוֹ לִמְקוֹם שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹתֶה. וְכֵן בְּגַת. קוֹלֵט אָדָם מִן הַמַּזְחֵלָה לְמַטָּה מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים. וּמִן הַצִּנּוֹר, מִכָּל מָקוֹם שׁוֹתֶה:
ז. בּוֹר בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, וְחֻלְיָתוֹ גְבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, חַלּוֹן שֶׁעַל גַּבָּיו מְמַלְּאִין הֵימֶנּוּ בְשַׁבָּת. אַשְׁפָּה בִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים גְּבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, חַלּוֹן שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ שׁוֹפְכִין לְתוֹכָהּ מַיִם בְּשַׁבָּת:
ח. אִילָן שֶׁהוּא מֵסֵךְ עַל הָאָרֶץ, אִם אֵין נוֹפוֹ גָבוֹהַּ מִן הָאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, מְטַלְטְלִין תַּחְתָּיו. שָׁרָשָׁיו גְּבוֹהִין מִן הָאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, לֹא יֵשֵׁב עֲלֵיהֶן. הַדֶּלֶת שֶׁבַּמֻּקְצֶה וַחֲדָקִים שֶׁבַּפִּרְצָה וּמַחֲצָלוֹת, אֵין נוֹעֲלִין בָּהֶן, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן גְּבוֹהִים מִן הָאָרֶץ:
ט. לֹא יַעֲמֹד אָדָם בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וְיִפְתַּח בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וְיִפְתַּח בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָשָׂה מְחִצָּה גְבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, מַעֲשֶׂה בְשׁוּק שֶׁל פַּטָּמִין שֶׁהָיָה בִירוּשָׁלַיִם, שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹעֲלִין וּמַנִּיחִין אֶת הַמַּפְתֵּחַ בַּחַלּוֹן שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַפֶּתַח. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, שׁוּק שֶׁל צַמָּרִים הָיָה:
י. נֶגֶר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ גְלֻסְטְרָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹסֵר, וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי מַתִּיר. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, מַעֲשֶׂה בַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁבִּטְבֶרְיָא שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹהֲגִין בּוֹ הֶתֵּר, עַד שֶׁבָּא רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְהַזְּקֵנִים וְאָסְרוּ לָהֶן. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, אִסּוּר נָהֲגוּ בָהּ, בָּא רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְהַזְּקֵנִים וְהִתִּירוּ לָהֶן:
יא. נֶגֶר הַנִּגְרָר, נוֹעֲלִים בּוֹ בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. וְהַמֻּנָּח, כָּאן וָכָאן אָסוּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, הַמֻּנָּח מֻתָּר בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְהַנִּגְרָר בַּמְּדִינָה:
יב. מַחֲזִירִין צִיר הַתַּחְתּוֹן בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. וְהָעֶלְיוֹן, כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, הָעֶלְיוֹן בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְהַתַּחְתּוֹן בַּמְּדִינָה:
יג. מַחֲזִירִין רְטִיָּה בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. אִם בַּתְּחִלָּה, כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר. קוֹשְׁרִין נִימָא בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. אִם בַּתְּחִלָּה, כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר. חוֹתְכִין יַבֶּלֶת בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. וְאִם בִּכְלִי, כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר:
יד. כֹּהֵן שֶׁלָּקָה בְאֶצְבָּעוֹ, כּוֹרֵךְ עָלֶיהָ גֶמִי בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֲבָל לֹא בַמְּדִינָה. אִם לְהוֹצִיא דָם, כָּאן וְכָאן אָסוּר. בּוֹזְקִין מֶלַח עַל גַּבֵּי כֶבֶשׁ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא יַחֲלִיקוּ, וּמְמַלְּאִים מִבּוֹר הַגּוֹלָה וּמִבּוֹר הַגָּדוֹל בַּגַּלְגַּל בְּשַׁבָּת, וּמִבְּאֵר הַקַּר בְּיוֹם טוֹב:
יה. שֶׁרֶץ שֶׁנִּמְצָא בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, כֹּהֵן מוֹצִיאוֹ בְהֶמְיָנוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא לְשַׁהוֹת אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, בִּצְבָת שֶׁל עֵץ, שֶׁלֹּא לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. מֵהֵיכָן מוֹצִיאִין אוֹתוֹ, מִן הַהֵיכָל וּמִן הָאוּלָם וּמִבֵּין הָאוּלָם וְלַמִּזְבֵּחַ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן נַנָּס. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, מְקוֹם שֶׁחַיָּבִין עַל זְדוֹנוֹ כָּרֵת וְעַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ חַטָּאת, מִשָּׁם מוֹצִיאִין אוֹתוֹ, וּשְׁאָר כָּל הַמְּקוֹמוֹת כּוֹפִין עָלָיו פְּסַכְתֵּר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, מְקוֹם שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לְךָ חֲכָמִים, מִשֶּׁלְּךָ נָתְנוּ לְךָ, שֶׁלֹּא הִתִּירוּ לְךָ אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת:
1. One who finds phylacteries outside the city on Shabbat, where they are in danger of becoming lost or damaged, brings them in to his house pair by pair by donning them in the manner in which they are typically donned for the mitzva. Rabban Gamliel says: He brings them in two pairs by two pairs. In what case is this statement that one is permitted to carry phylacteries inside said? It is with regard to old phylacteries, which have already been used and are designated for the mitzva. However, with regard to new ones, as it is unclear whether they are phylacteries or merely amulets in the form of phylacteries, he is exempt from performing the task. If one finds phylacteries tied in bundles or in wrapped piles, in which case he is unable to carry them in pairs, he sits there and waits with them until dark, guarding them until the conclusion of Shabbat, and then brings them in to his house. And in a time of danger, when it is dangerous to tarry outside town, he covers the phylacteries and proceeds on his way.
2. Rabbi Shimon says that there is an alternative method of transferring the phylacteries: One gives them to another who is less than four cubits from him, and the other passes them to another, until the phylacteries reach the outermost courtyard of the city. Since carrying less than four cubits in a public domain is not prohibited by Torah law, in this case, the Sages permitted carrying in that manner due to the sanctity of the phylacteries. And similarly, with regard to one’s son who was born in a field and may not be carried on Shabbat, since that is akin to carrying a burden in the public domain: One gives him to another, and the other passes him to another, even if it requires a hundred people. Rabbi Yehuda says: A person may even give a barrel to another, and the other may pass it to another, and in that way even take it beyond the Shabbat limit, provided that no one person carries it more than four cubits. They said to him: This barrel may not go a greater distance than the feet of its owner, i.e., it may not be carried any farther than its owner may walk.
3. One who was reading a sacred book in scroll form on Shabbat on an elevated, wide threshold, and the book rolled from his hand into the public domain, he may roll it back to himself, since one of its ends remains in his hand. If he was reading on top the roof, which is a full-fledged private domain, and the book rolled from his hand, as long as the edge of the book did not reach within ten handbreadths above the public domain, the book is still in its own domain, and he may roll it back to himself. However, once the book has reached within ten handbreadths above the public domain, it is prohibited to roll the book back to oneself. In that case, he may only turn it over onto the side with writing, so that the writing of the book will be facedown and not exposed and degraded. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even if the scroll is removed only a needle breadth from the ground, he rolls it back to himself. Rabbi Shimon says: Even if the scroll is on the ground itself, he rolls it back to himself, as you have nothing that was instituted as a rabbinic decree to enhance the character of Shabbat as a day of rest that stands as an impediment before the rescue of sacred writings.
4. With regard to a ledge in front of a window, that is ten handbreadths high and four handbreadths wide, one may place objects upon it or remove them from it on Shabbat via the window. A person may stand in a private domain and move objects that are in a public domain, as there is no concern that he might mistakenly bring them into the private domain. Similarly, one may stand in a public domain and move objects in a private domain, provided that he does not carry them beyond four cubits in the public domain, which is prohibited on Shabbat.
5. However, a person may not stand in a private domain and urinate into a public domain, nor may one stand in a public domain and urinate into a private domain. And likewise, one may not spit in such a manner that the spittle passes from a private domain to a public domain or vice versa. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even once a person’s spittle is gathered in his mouth, he may not walk four cubits in the public domain until he spits it out, for he would be carrying the accumulated spittle in his mouth, which is akin to carrying any other object.
6. A person may stand in a private domain and extend his head and drink in a public domain, and he may stand in a public domain and drink in a private domain, only if he brings his head and most of his body into the domain in which he drinks. And the same applies in a winepress, as will be explained in the Gemara. A person standing in a public domain on Shabbat may catch water in a vessel from a gutter running along the side of a roof, if it is less than ten handbreadths off the ground, which is part of the public domain. And from a pipe that protrudes from the roof, one may drink in any manner, i.e., not only by catching the water in a vessel, but even by pressing his mouth directly against the spout.
7. With regard to a cistern in a public domain, with an embankment ten handbreadths high, i.e., the embankment constitutes a private domain by itself, if there is a window above the cistern, i.e., the window of an adjacent house is situated above the cistern, one may draw water from the cistern on Shabbat through the window, as it is permitted to carry from one private domain to another. Similarly, with regard to a garbage dump in a public domain that is ten handbreadths high, which means it has the status of a private domain, if there is a window above the pile of refuse that abuts the garbage dump, one may throw water from the window onto the dump on Shabbat, as it is permitted to carry from one private domain to another.
8. With regard to a tree that was hanging over the ground, i.e., its branches hung down on all sides like a tent so that it threw a shadow on the ground, if the tips of its branches are no higher than three handbreadths from the ground, one may carry under it. This applies even if the tree is planted in a public domain, as the branches form partitions which turn the enclosed area into a private domain. If its roots were three handbreadths higher than the ground, one may not sit on them, as it is prohibited to use a tree on Shabbat. Any part of a tree that is three handbreadths above the ground has the status of a tree with regard to this prohibition. With regard to the door to a rear court, i.e., a door that opens from a house to the courtyard situated behind it, which is typically not a proper door but merely a wooden board without hinges that closes off the doorway; and likewise bundles of thorns that seal a breach; and reed mats, one may not close an opening with them on Shabbat. This would be considered building or completing a building, unless they remain above the ground even when they are open.
9. A person may not stand in the private domain and open a door located in the public domain with a key, lest he inadvertently transfer the key from one domain to the other. Likewise, one may not stand in the public domain and open a door in the private domain with a key, unless in the latter case he erected a partition ten handbreadths high around the door and stands inside it. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. The Rabbis said to him: There was an incident at the poultry dealers’ market in Jerusalem, where they would fatten fowl for slaughter (Rabbeinu Ḥananel), and they would lock the doors to their shops and place the key in the window that was over the door, which was more than ten handbreadths off the ground, and nobody was concerned about the possible violation of any prohibition. Rabbi Yosei says: That place was a market of wool dealers.
10. With regard to a bolt that secures a door in place and that has a thick knob [gelustera] at its end, a useful implement for a variety of purposes, the tanna’im disagree whether the bolt has the status of a vessel, and one may therefore close the door with it, or whether it is considered a cross beam, which would mean that doing so is classified as building. Rabbi Eliezer prohibits its use, and Rabbi Yosei permits it. Rabbi Eliezer said: An incident occurred in a synagogue in Tiberias, where they were accustomed to treat use of this bolt as permitted, until Rabban Gamliel and the Elders came and prohibited it to them. Rabbi Yosei says that the opposite was the case: At first they were accustomed to treat use of this bolt as prohibited, and Rabban Gamliel and the Elders came and permitted it to them.
11. With regard to a bolt that is attached to the door, but owing to the length of the rope, it does not hang from the door but drags along the ground, one may lock a door with it in the Temple on Shabbat, as this is prohibited only by rabbinic decree, issued to enhance the character of Shabbat as a day of rest, and rabbinic decrees are not in effect in the Temple. However, one may not lock a door with this bolt in the country outside the Temple. And with regard to one that is not tied at all but rests entirely on the ground, it is prohibited in both places, in and outside the Temple, as the use of this bolt is considered building. Rabbi Yehuda says: One that rests entirely on the ground is permitted in the Temple, and one that drags along the ground is permitted even in the rest of the country.
12. One may restore the lower hinge pin of the door of a carriage, box, or cupboard that becomes dislocated to its place on Shabbat in the Temple, as this action is prohibited by rabbinic decree, which is not in effect in the Temple; but it may not be restored to its place in the rest of the country. And restoring the upper hinge pin is prohibited in both places, as this is considered building, a labor prohibited by Torah law, which applies everywhere. Rabbi Yehuda says: Restoring the upper hinge pin to its place is permitted in the Temple, while one may restore the lower one to its place even in the rest of the country.
13. One may return to its place a bandage that became detached from a wound on Shabbat in the Temple. In the Temple, this is not prohibited as a preventive measure, lest one come to spread the ointment and thereby perform the prohibited labor of smoothing. However, one may not return a bandage to its place in the rest of the country. If one sought to apply the bandage for the first time to an untreated wound on Shabbat, it is prohibited in both places. One may tie up on Shabbat a string [nima] that came loose from a harp used in the Temple, but not in the rest of the country. And tying the string to the harp for the first time is prohibited both here and there. A wart is an example of a blemish that temporarily disqualifies a priest from performing the Temple service, and disqualifies an animal from being offered on the altar; they regain their fitness once the wart is removed. Consequently, on Shabbat one may cut off a wart by hand in the Temple, as this constitutes a preparatory act required for the sacrificial service. However, he may not cut off a wart in the rest of the country. And if he seeks to cut off the wart with an instrument, it is prohibited in both places.
14. With regard to a priest who was injured on his finger on Shabbat, he may temporarily wrap it with a reed so that his wound is not visible while he is serving in the Temple. This leniency applies in the Temple, but not in the country, as it also heals the wound, and medical treatment is prohibited on Shabbat due to rabbinic decree. If his intention is to draw blood from the wound or to absorb blood, it is prohibited in both places. One may scatter salt on Shabbat on the ramp that leads to the altar so that the priests will not slip on their way up. And likewise, one may draw water from the Cistern of the Exiles and from the Great Cistern, which were located in the Temple, by means of the wheel designed for drawing water, even on Shabbat. And one may draw water from the Heker Well only on a Festival.
15. With regard to the carcass of a creeping animal, of one of the eight species of reptile or rodent listed in Leviticus 11:29–30, one of the primary sources of ritual impurity that is found in the Temple, a priest should carry it out on Shabbat in his girdle, which was one of the priestly garments. Although the girdle will be defiled by the carcass of the creeping animal, this is the best way to proceed, so as not to delay the removal of the impurity from the Temple. This is the statement of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka. Rabbi Yehuda says: The creeping animal carcass should be removed with wooden prongs, so as not to increase the impurity, as a wooden prong is not susceptible to impurity. It is obvious that on a weekday the creeping animal carcass is removed from wherever it is found in the Temple, but from where does one remove it on Shabbat? From the Sanctuary, from the Entrance Hall, and from the area in the courtyard between the Entrance Hall and the altar, the most sanctified precincts of the Temple. However, it need not be removed from the rest of the courtyard. This is the statement of Rabbi Shimon ben Nannas. Rabbi Akiva says: Any place where one is liable to be punished with karet if he intentionally enters there in a state of ritual impurity, and is liable to bring a sin-offering if he does so unwittingly, from there one must remove it. This includes the entire area of the Temple courtyard. And as for the rest of the places in the Temple, one covers the creeping animal carcass with a bowl [pesakhter] and leaves it there until the conclusion of Shabbat. Rabbi Shimon says that this is the principle: Wherever the Sages permitted something to you, they granted you only from your own, as they permitted to you only activities that are prohibited due to rabbinic decree, not labors prohibited by Torah law.
גמרא
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן רְטִיָּיה שְׁפִּרְשָׁה מֵעַל גַּבֵּי מַכָּה מַחֲזִירִין בְּשַׁבָּת רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר הוּחֲלָקָה לְמַטָּה דּוֹחֲקָהּ לְמַעְלָה לְמַעְלָה דּוֹחֲקָהּ לְמַטָּה וּמְגַלֶּה מִקְצַת הָרְטִיָּיה וּמְקַנֵּחַ פִּי הַמַּכָּה וְחוֹזֵר וּמְגַלֶּה מִקְצַת הָרְטִיָּיה וּמְקַנֵּחַ פִּי הַמַּכָּה וּרְטִיָּיה עַצְמָה לֹא יְקַנֵּחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְמָרֵחַ וְאִם מִירַח חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל הֲלָכָה כְּרִבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב חַסְדָא לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁפֵּרְשָׁהּ עַל גַּבֵּי כֶּלִי אֲבָל פֵּרְשָׁהּ עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל אָסוּר. אָמַר מַר בַּר רַב אַשֵׁי הֲוָה קָאִימְנָא קָמֵיהּ אַבָּא נָפַל לֵיהּ אַבֵּי סַדְיָא וְקָא מְהַדֵּר לֵיהּ אֲמֵינָא לֵיהּ לֹא סָבַר לָהּ מַר לְהָא דְאָמַר רַב חַסְדָּא מַחֲלוֹקֶת שֶׁפֵּרְשָׁהּ עַל גַּבֵּי כֶּלִי אֲבָל פֵּרְשָׁהּ עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע אָסוּר וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל הֲלָכָה כְּרִבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר לִי לֹא שְׁמִיעָה לִי כְּלוֹמַר לָא סְבִירָא לִי:
GEMARA: The Sages taught a baraita: With regard to a bandage that became detached from a wound, one may return it to its place on Shabbat in all cases. Rabbi Yehuda says: If it slipped downward, one may push it upward; if it slipped upward, one may push it downward. One may also uncover part of the bandage and clean the opening of the wound on one side, and then uncover another part of the bandage on the other side and clean the opening of the wound on that side.
However, one may not clean the bandage itself, because that would involve spreading the ointment, which is a subcategory of the prohibited labor of smoothing, and if one spread the ointment he is liable to bring a sin-offering. Actually restoring a bandage that was completely detached from the wound is prohibited in all cases.
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda. Rav Ḥisda said: The Sages taught that it is permitted to restore the bandage to the wound only where it became detached and fell onto a utensil, in which case one may immediately pick it up and replace it. However, if it became detached and fell onto the ground, everyone agrees it is prohibited, as this is considered as though one were bandaging the wound for the first time.
Mar bar Rav Ashi said: I was standing before Father, and his bandage fell onto a pillow and he replaced it. I said to him: Doesn’t the Master hold that which Rav Ḥisda said: The dispute is restricted to a case where the bandage became detached and fell onto a utensil, but if it became detached and fell onto the ground, everyone agrees that it is prohibited; and furthermore, Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, that it is prohibited to replace even a bandage that fell onto a utensil?
He said to me: I did not hear this teaching; that is to say, I do not agree with Rav Ḥisda’s interpretation that the dispute is only in a case where the bandage fell onto a utensil. Rather, they disagree even if it fell onto the ground, and the halakha is that the bandage may be restored to the wound.
זוהר
אִישׁ עַל דִּגְלוֹ בְאוֹתוֹת לְבֵית אֲבוֹתָם יַחֲנוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹמֵר. רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר פָּתַח (ישעיה מ''ו) שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְגִילוּ בָּהּ כָּל אֹהֲבֶיהָ וְגוֹמֵר. כַּמָּה חֲבִיבָה אוֹרַיְיתָא קָמֵי קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא דְהָא בְכָל אָתָר דְּמִילֵי דְאוֹרַיְיתָא אִשְׁתְּמָעוּ קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וְכָל חַיָּילִין דִּילֵיהּ כֻּלְּהוּ צַיְיתִין לְמִלּוּלֵיהּ וְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אָתֵי לְדַיְירָא עִמֵּיהּ הָדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות כ') בְּכָל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי וְגוֹמֵר וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָא דְשַׂנְאוֹי נַפְלִין קָמֵיהּ וְהָא אוּקְמוּהָ. תָּא חֲזֵי פִקּוּדֵי אוֹרַיְיתָא עִלָּאִין אִינוּן לְעֵילָא. אָתֵי בַר נָשׁ וְעָבִיד פִּקּוּדָא חָדָא הַהוּא פִקּוּדָא קַיְימָא קָמֵי קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וּמִתְעַטְּרָא קָמֵיהּ וְאָמַר פְּלַנְיָיא עָבַד לִי וּמִן פְּלַנְיָיא אֲנָא בְגִין דְּאִיהוּ אַתְעַר לֵיהּ לְעֵילָא. כְגוֹוָנָא דְאִיהוּ אַתְעַר לֵיהּ לְתַתָּא הָכִי נָמֵי אַתְעַר לְעֵילָא וְעָבִיד שְׁלָמָא לְעֵילָא וְתַתָּא כְמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר (ישעיה כ''ז) אוֹ יַחֲזֵק בְּמָעוּזִי יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם לִי שָׁלוֹם יַעֲשֶׂה לִי. יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם לִי לְעֵילָא שָׁלוֹם יַעֲשֶׂה לִי לְתַתָּא. זַכָּאָה חוּלָקֵיהּ דְּהַהוּא בַר נָשׁ דְּעָבִיד פִּקּוּדֵי אוֹרַיְיתָא. שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַםִ וְגוֹמֵר בְּגִין דְּחֶדְוָה לָא אִשְׁתְּכַח אֶלָּא בְזִמְנָא בְיִשְׂרָאל קַיְימֵי בְאַרְעָא קַדִּישָׁא דְתָמָן אִתְחַבְּרַת אִתְּתָא בְּבַעֲלָהּ וּכְדֵין הוּא חֶדְוָותָא דְכֹלָא חֶדְוָותָא דְעֵילָא וְתַתָּא. בְּזִמְנָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל לָא אִשְׁתְּכָחוּ בְאַרְעָא קַדִּישָׁא אָסִיר לֵיהּ לְבַר נָשׁ לְמֶחֱדֵי וּלְאַחֲזָאָה חִידוּ דִכְתִיב שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַםִ וְגִילוּ בָהּ וְגוֹמֵר. וְגִילוּ בָהּ דַיְיקָא. רִבִּי אַבָּא חָמָא חָד בַּר נָשׁ דַּהֲוָה חַדֵּי בְּבֵי טְרוּנְיָיא דְבָבֶל בָּטַשׁ בֵּיהּ אָמַר שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַםִ כְּתִיב. (אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא) בְּזִמְנָא דִירוּשְׁלֵם בְּחֶדְוָה בָעֵי בַר נָשׁ לְמֶחֱדֵי רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר לְטַעֲמֵיהּ דְּאָמַר שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַםִ הַיְינוּ דִכְתִיב (תהלים ק') עִבְדוּ אֶת יְיָ בְּשִׂמְחָה. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר עִבְדוּ אֶת יְיָ בְּשִׂמְחָה. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שם ג') עִבְדוּ אֶת יְיָ בְיִרְאָה וְגִילוּ בִרְעָדָה. מַה בֵין הָאי לְהָאי. אֶלָּא כָאן בְּזִמְנָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁרָאן בְּאַרְעָא קַדִּישָׁא כָאן בְּזִמְנָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁרָאן בְּאַרְעָא אַחֲרָא. (דָבָר אַחֵר) עִבְדוּ אֶת יְיָ בְּיִרְאָה דָא כְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בְזִמְנָא דְאִיהִי בְגָלוּתָא בֵינֵי עַמְּמַיָּיא. אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוּדָה וְהָא כְתִיב (ישעיה נ''ה) כִּי בְשִׂמְחָה תֵצֵאוּ וְדָא הִיא כְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כֵּיוַן דְּאָמַר תֵּצֵאוּ מִן גָּלוּתָא הוּא. וְאִקְרֵי שִׂמְחָה. אָמַר לֵיהּ וַדָּאי הָכִי הוּא דְכָל זִמְנָא דְאִיהִי בְגָלוּתָא וּשְׁכִיבַת לְעַפְרָא לָא אִקְרֵי שִׂמְחָה עַד דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְרִיךְ הוּא יֵיתֵי לְגַבָּהּ וְיוֹקִים לָהּ מֵעַפְרָא וְיֵימָא (שם נ''ב) הִתְנַעֲרִי מֵעָפָר וְגוֹמֵר. קוּמִי אוֹרִי וְגוֹמֵר. וְיִתְחַבְּרוּן כַּחֲדָא (וְיוֹקִים לָהּ מֵעַפְרָא) כְדֵין חֶדְוָותָא אִקְרֵי. חֶדְוָותָא דְכֹלָא וּכְדֵין בְּשִׂמְחָה תֵצֵאוּ וַדָּאי כְדֵין כַמָּה חַיָּילִין יִפְקוּן לָקָבְלָהּ דְמַטְרוֹנִיתָא לְחֶדְוָותָא דְהִלּוּלָא דְמַלְכָּא כְמָה דְאַתְּ אָמֵר הֶהָרִים וְהַגְּבָעוֹת יִפְצְחוּ וְגוֹמֵר וּכְתִיב (שם) כִּי הֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיכֶם יְיָ וּמְאַסִפְכֶם וְגוֹמֵר:
אִישׁ עַל דִּגְלוֹ בְּאוֹתוֹת וְגוֹ': רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר פָּתַח. (ישעיה ס''ו) שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְגִילוּ בָהּ כָּל אֹהֲבֶיהָ וְגוֹ'. כַּמָּה חֲבִיבָה הַתּוֹרָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כִּי בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁדִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה נִשְׁמָעִים, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְכָל צִבְאוֹתָיו כֻּלָּם מַקְּשִׁיבִים לִדְבָרָיו. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּא לָדוּר עִמּוֹ. זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ') בְּכָל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אַזְכִּיר אֶת שְׁמִי וְגוֹ'. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁשׂוֹנְאָיו נוֹפְלִים לְפָנָיו. וּכְבָר הֶעֱמִידוּהוּ. בֹּא וּרְאֵה, מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה עֶלְיוֹנוֹת הֵן לְמַעְלָה. בָּא אָדָם וְעָשָׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת, הַמִּצְוָה הַהִיא עוֹמֶדֶת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּמִתְעַטֶּרֶת לְפָנָיו, וְאוֹמֶרֶת פְּלוֹנִי עָשָׂה אוֹתִי, וּמִן פְּלוֹנִי אֲנִי, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהוּא עוֹרֵר אוֹתָהּ לְמַעְלָה. כִּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא עוֹרֵר אֶת הַמִּצְוָה לְמַטָּה כֵּן הִיא מִתְעוֹרֶרֶת לְמַעְלָה, וְעוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם לְמַעְלָה וּלְמַטָּה, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁגּוֹרֵם זִוּוּג לְז''א וּמַלְכוּת, הַמְּכוּנִים מַעְלָה וּמַטָּה, כְּמשׁ''א, (ישעיה כ''ז) אוֹ יַחֲזֵק בְּמָעוּזִי יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם לִי שָׁלוֹם יַעֲשֶׂה לִי. יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם לִי, הוּא לְמַעְלָה, בְּז''א, שָׁלוֹם יַעֲשֶׂה לִי, הוּא לְמַטָּה, בַּמַּלְכוּת. אַשְׁרֵי חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ הָאָדָם הָעוֹשֶׂה מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה. שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְגוֹ': הוּא מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהַשִּׂמְחָה אֵינָהּ נִמְצֵאת אֶלָּא בִּזְמָן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל נִמְצָאִים בָּאָרֶץ הַקְּדוֹשָׁה, שֶׁשָּׁם מִתְחַבֶּרֶת אִשָּׁה בְּבַעֲלָהּ, דְּהַיְנוּ ז''א וּמַלְכוּת, וְאָז הִיא שִׂמְחַת הַכֹּל, שִׂמְחָה שֶׁל מַעְלָה וְשֶׁל מַטָּה. וּבִזְמָן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָם נִמְצָאִים בָּאָרֶץ הַקְּדוֹשָׁה, אָסוּר לָאָדָם לִשְׂמוֹחַ וּלְהַרְאוֹת שִׂמְחָה. שֶׁכָּתוּב, שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְגִילוּ בָהּ וְגוֹ'. וְגִילוּ בָּהּ, הוּא בְּדִיּוּק, דְּהַיְנוּ בִּזְמָן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל נִמְצָאִים בָּהּ. רַבִּי אַבָּא רָאָה אָדָם אֶחָד, שֶׁהָיָה שָׂמֵחַ בְּבֵי טְרוּנְיָא שֶׁבְּבָבֶל, בָּעַט בּוֹ. אָמַר, שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם כָּתוּב, בִּזְמָן שֶׁיְּרוּשָׁלַיִם בְּשִׂמְחָה צָרִיךְ הָאָדָם לִשְׂמֹחַ, וְלֹא בִּזְמָן הַגָּלוּת, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר לְטַעֲמוֹ, שֶׁאָמַר שִׂמְחוּ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, הַיְנוּ שֶׁכָּתוּב, (תהלים ק') עִבְדוּ אֶת ה' בְּשִׂמְחָה, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁיְּרוּשָׁלַיִם הִיא הַשְּׁכִינָה, וּצְרִיכִים לַעֲבוֹד וּלְשַׂמֵּחַ אוֹתָהּ. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר, עִבְדוּ אֶת ה' בְּשִׂמְחָה. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים ב') עִבְדוּ אֶת ה' בְּיִרְאָה וְגִילוּ בִּרְעָדָה. מַה בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה. וּמֵשִׁיב, כָּאן בִּזְמָן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל שׁוֹרִים בָּאָרֶץ הַקְּדוֹשָׁה, שֶׁאָז עוֹבְדִים לִפְנֵי ה' בְּשִׂמְחָה. וְכָאן בִּזְמָן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל שׁוֹרִים בְּאֶרֶץ אַחֶרֶת, אָז צְרִיכִים לַעֲבוֹד בְּיִרְאָה וְלִשְׂמוֹחַ בִּרְעָדָה. עִבְדוּ אֶת ה' בְּיִרְאָה, זוֹ כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, דְּהַיְנוּ הַמַּלְכוּת, בִּזְמָן שֶׁהִיא בַּגָּלוּת בֵּין הָעַמִּים. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וַהֲרֵי כָּתוּב (ישעיה נ''ה) כִּי בְשִׂמְחָה תֵצֵאוּ, שֶׁזּוֹ הִיא כִּכְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁאָמַר תֵּצֵאוּ, הֲרֵי מִן הַגָּלוּת הִיא, וְנִקְרֵאת שִׂמְחָה, הֲרֵי שֶׁגַּם בַּגָּלוּת הִיא נִקְרֵאת שִׂמְחָה. אָמַר לוֹ, וַדַּאי כָּךְ הוּא, שֶׁבְּכָל זְמָן שֶׁהִיא בַּגָּלוּת וְשׁוֹכֶבֶת לֶעָפָר, אֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת שִׂמְחָה, עַד שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יָבֹא אֵלֶיהָ וְיָקִים אוֹתָהּ מִן הֶעָפָר וְיֹאמַר, (ישעיה נ''ג) הִתְנַעֲרִי מֵעָפָר וְגוֹ', (ישעיה ס') קוּמִי אוֹרִי וְגוֹ', וְיִתְחַבְּרוּ יַחַד אָז הִיא נִקְרֵאת שִׂמְחָה, שֶׁהִיא שִׂמְחַת הַכֹּל, וְאָז בְּשִׂמְחָה תֵּצֵאוּ וַדַּאי. אָז כַּמָּה צְבָאוֹת יֵצְאוּ לְקַבֵּל אֶת הַמַּלְכָּה לְשִׂמְחָה שֶׁל סְעֻדָּת הַמֶּלֶךְ, כְּשׁ''א (ישעיה נ''ה), הֶהָרִים וְהַגְּבָעוֹת יִפְצְחוּ וְגוֹ'. וְכָתוּב (ישעיה נ''ב), כִּי הָלַךְ לִפְנֵיכֶם ה' וּמַאֲסִפְכֶם וְגוֹ'.
הלכה פסוקה
א. אָסוּר לוֹ לְאָדָם שֶׁיִּטְעוֹם כְּלוּם אוֹ שֶׁיַעֲשֶׂה מְלָאכָה מֵאַחַר שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית. וְכֵן לֹא יַשְׁכִּים לְפֶתַח חֲבֵירוֹ לִשְׁאוֹל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ קוֹדֶם שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית וְלֹא יֵצֵא בַּדֶּרֶךְ קוֹדֶם שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל. אֲבָל טוֹעֵם וְעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה קוֹדֶם שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל מוּסָף וְקוֹדֶם מִנְחָה. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ סוֹעֵד סָמוּךְ לְמִנְחָה:
ב. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן מִנְחָה גְדוֹלָה לֹא יִכָּנֵס לַמֶּרְחָץ אֲפִלּוּ לְהַזִּיעַ עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁמָּא יִתְעַלֵּף וִיבַטֵּל מִן הַתְּפִלָּה. וְלֹא לֶאֱכוֹל אֲפִלּוּ אֲכִילַת עֲרָאי שֶׁמָּא יִמָּשֵׁךְ בַּאֲכִילָה. וְלֹא לָדוּן אֲפִלּוּ בִגְמַר דִין שֶׁמָּא יִסָתֵר הַדִּין וִימָשֵׁךְ וִיבַטֵל מִן הַתְּפִלָּה. וְלֹא יֵשֵׁב לִפְנֵי הַסַּפָּר לְסַפֵּר אֲפִלּוּ תַּסְפּוֹרֶת הֶדְיוֹט עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁמָּא יִשָׁבֵר הַזּוּג. וְלֹא יִכָּנֵס לַבּוּרְסֵקִי סָמוּךְ לַמִּנְחָה עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁמָּא יִרְאֶה הֶפְסֵד בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ וְיִתְעַסֵּק בָּהּ וְיִתְעַכֵּב מִן הַתְּפִלָּה. וְאִם הִתְחִיל בְּאַחַת מֵאֵלוּ לֹא יַפְסִיק אֶלָּא גוֹמֵר וְאַחַר כַּךְ מִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת מִנְחָה:
ג. מֵאֵימָתַי הַתְחָלַת הַתַּסְפּוֹרֶת מִשֶׁיַנִיחַ מַעְפּוֹרֶת שֶׁל סַפָּרִין עַל בִּרְכָּיו. וּמֵאֵימָתַי הַתְחָלַת מֶרְחָץ מִשֶׁיִפְשׁוֹט הַבֶּגֶד הַסָּמוּךְ לִבְשָׂרוֹ. וּמֵאֵימָתַי הַתְחָלַת הַבּוּרְסָקִי מִשֶּׁיִּקְשׁוֹר בֶּגֶד בֵּין כְּתֵפָיו כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָאוּמָנִין עוֹשִׂין. וּמֵאֵימָתַי הַתְחָלַת הַדִּין מִשְּׁיִּתְעַטְּפוּ הַדַּיָּינִין וְיֵשְׁבוּ וְאִם הָיוּ יוֹשְׁבִים מִשֶּׁיַּתְחִילוּ בַעֲלֵי דִינִין לִטְעוֹן:
It is forbidden to take any refreshment or do any work after daybreak, till the morning service has been recited. Nor should a visit be paid, early in the morning, to a neighbour's home, to greet him, before the morning service has been recited. Nor should one set out on a journey before praying. But refreshment may be taken before reciting the additional service or the afternoon service. A meal however must not be taken, close to the hour for reading the afternoon service.
When the major afternoon has arrived (half an hour after midday), one must not repair to the bathing establishment—even only to perspire—till he has first read the [afternoon] service, lest he faint and omit the prayer. Nor may one sit down even to a casual meal, lest he linger over it. Nor proceed to the trial of a case, even towards its conclusion, lest the pleas may be upset and the proceedings be prolonged and so the service of prayer be omitted. Nor may one sit down in a barber's shop to have the hair cut till he has recited the service, lest the scissors become broken (and delay would ensue). Nor should one enter a tannery near the afternoon, till he has first prayed, lest, seeing his property spoiling, he may busy himself therewith and be prevented reciting the service. If however he has begun any of the foregoing, he does not stop but concludes what he is engaged in, and then recites the afternoon service.
When is the cutting of the hair regarded as having begun? When the barber lays the barber's sheet upon the customer's knees. When is bathing regarded as having begun? When the bather removes the garment next to his skin. When is one regarded as having begun to tan? When he fastens over his shoulders the apron as the workmen do. When is a meal considered to have begun? In Palestine, when the hands have been washed; in Babylon, when the girdle has been loosened. When is a trial regarded as having begun? When the judges are robed, each of them in a Talith (Praying shawl) and have taken their seats. If they are already seated, when the litigants have opened their pleading.
מוסר
אֵיזוֹ הִיא רְצִיחָה שֶׁאֵינָה נִכֶּרֶת לָעֵינַיִם וְהָעוֹנֶשׁ גָּדוֹל מְאֹד וְהָעֲבֵירָה קַלָּה וַחֲמוּרָה הִיא לְמַעְלָה הִיא הַבּוּשָׁה. הַמְבַיֵּישׁ פְּנֵי חֲבֵירוֹ בָּרַבִּים אוֹ מְצַעֲרוֹ בִּפְנֵי מִי שֶׁמִּתְבַּיֵּישׁ וּמִצְטַעֵר שֶׁאִילוּ הָיָה הוֹרְגוֹ הָיָה מְקַבֵּל מִיתָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה מִתְבַּיֵּישׁ אַחַר כַּךְ. מִי שֶׁבִּיֵּישׁ אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ וּמִצְטָעֵר וּמִתְחָרֵט וְרוֹצֶה הוּא לְקַבֵּל אֶת הַדִּין וּבָא לִפְנֵי יִרְאֵי ה' לִמְצוֹא לוֹ פֶּתַח לִתְשׁוּבָה יֹאמַר לוֹ דַּע כִּי רָעָתְךָ רַבָּה כִּי שָׁפַכְתָּ אֶת דָּמוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירָךְ שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בַאֲבִיָּה בֶּן רְחַבְעָם שֶׁהוֹכִיחַ לְיָרְבָעָם בִּדְבָרִים לְבַיְישׁוֹ וְנִיגַף לָמוּת. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבִּיְישׁוֹ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה לָכֵן לֵךְ בְּנִי לְפַיֵּיס אֶת חֲבֵירָךְ עַד שֵׁיִּתְפַּיֵּיס וְיִמְחוֹל לָךְ וְהִזָּהֵר מְאֹד לְנַפְשָׁךְ שֶׁלֹּא תְּבַיֵּישׁ וְשֶׁלֹּא תַּלְבִּין פְּנֵי אָדָם: