תורה
יכוין בקריאת ארבע פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד דֲ דמילוי יו''ד דשם ב''ן להשאיר בו הארה מתוספת הרוח משבת שעברה:
ו (ח) וְהֵבֵאתִ֤י אֶתְכֶם֙ אֶל־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר נָשָׂ֙אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔י לָתֵ֣ת אֹתָ֔הּ לְאַבְרָהָ֥ם לְיִצְחָ֖ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹ֑ב וְנָתַתִּ֨י אֹתָ֥הּ לָכֶ֛ם מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה אֲנִ֥י יְהֹוָֽה׃
וְאָעֵיל יָתְכוֹן לְאַרְעָא דִּי קַיֵּמִית בְּמֵימְרִי לְמִתַּן יָתַהּ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב וְאֶתֵּן יָתַהּ לְכוֹן יְרֻתָּא אֲנָא יְיָ:
(ט) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר מֹשֶׁ֛ה כֵּ֖ן אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְלֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִקֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּמֵעֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה׃ {פ}
וּמַלֵּיל משֶׁה כֵּן לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלָא קַבִּילוּ מִן משֶׁה מִמַּעְיַק רוּחָא וּמִפָּלְחָנָא דַּהֲוָה קָשְׁיָא עֲלֵיהוֹן:
(י) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
וּמַלִּיל יְיָ עִם משֶׁה לְמֵימָר:
(יא) בֹּ֣א דַבֵּ֔ר אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרָ֑יִם וִֽישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ׃
עוּל מַלֵּיל לְוָת פַּרְעֹה מַלְכָּא דְמִצְרָיִם וִישַׁלַּח יָת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַרְעֵיהּ:
6 (8) And I will bring you into the land, which I swore to give to Avraham, to Yiżĥaq, and to Ya῾aqov; and I will give it you for a heritage: I am the Lord.
(9) And Moshe spoke so to the children of Yisra᾽el: but they hearkened not to Moshe for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.
(10) And the Lord spoke to Moshe, saying,
(11) Go in, speak to Par῾o, king of Miżrayim, that he let the children of Yisra᾽el go out of his land.
נביאים
כט (ה) וּנְטַשְׁתִּ֣יךָ הַמִּדְבָּ֗רָה אוֹתְךָ֙ וְאֵת֙ כׇּל־דְּגַ֣ת יְאֹרֶ֔יךָ עַל־פְּנֵ֤י הַשָּׂדֶה֙ תִּפּ֔וֹל לֹ֥א תֵאָסֵ֖ף וְלֹ֣א תִקָּבֵ֑ץ לְחַיַּ֥ת הָאָ֛רֶץ וּלְע֥וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם נְתַתִּ֥יךָ לְאׇכְלָֽה׃
וַאֲרַטְשִׁינָךְ לְמָדְבְּרָא יָתָךְ וְיַת כָּל שִׁלְטוֹנֵי תוּקְפָךְ עַל אַפַּי חַקְלָא תִּתְרְמֵי נְבֵילְתָּךְ לָא תִתְכְּנֵישׁ וְלָא תִתְקְבַר לְחַיַת אַרְעָא וּלְעוֹפָא דִשְׁמַיָא מְסַרְתָּךְ לְאִשְׁתֵּיצָאָה:
(ו) וְיָֽדְעוּ֙ כׇּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם כִּ֖י אֲנִ֣י יְהֹוָ֑ה יַ֧עַן הֱיוֹתָ֛ם מִשְׁעֶ֥נֶת קָנֶ֖ה לְבֵ֥ית יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
וְיֵדְעוּן כָּל יַתְבֵי מִצְרַיִם אֲרֵי אֲנָא יְיָ חֲלַף דַהֲווֹ סְמַךְ קַנְיָא רְעִיעָא לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל:
(ז) בְּתׇפְשָׂ֨ם בְּךָ֤ (בכפך) [בַכַּף֙] תֵּר֔וֹץ וּבָקַעְתָּ֥ לָהֶ֖ם כׇּל־כָּתֵ֑ף וּבְהִֽשָּׁעֲנָ֤ם עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ תִּשָּׁבֵ֔ר וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֥ לָהֶ֖ם כׇּל־מׇתְנָֽיִם׃ {ס}
בְּאִתְכְּנָיוּתְהוֹן בָּךְ בְּיַד מְלַךְ תַּקִיף תִּתְמְסַר וְיֵיבַד בֵּית רוֹחֲצָנֵיהוֹן וּבְאִיסְתְּמָכוּתְהוֹן עֲלָךְ תִּתְּבַר וְלָא תְהֵי לְהוֹן לְבֵית סוּמְכְוָן:
(ח) לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יֱהֹוִ֔ה הִנְנִ֛י מֵבִ֥יא עָלַ֖יִךְ חָ֑רֶב וְהִכְרַתִּ֥י מִמֵּ֖ךְ אָדָ֥ם וּבְהֵמָֽה׃
בְּכֵן כִּדְנַן אֲמַר יְיָ אֱלֹהִים הָא אֲנָא מַיְתֵי עֲלָךְ דְקַטְלִין בְּחַרְבָּא וֶאֱשֵׁיצֵי מִנָךְ אֱנָשָׁא וּבְעִירָא:
29 (5) And I will cast thee unto the wilderness, thee and all the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for food to the beasts of the earth and to the birds of the sky.
(6) And all the inhabitants of Miżrayim shall know that I am the Lord, because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Yisra᾽el.
(7) When they took hold of thee by the hand, thou didst break, and tore all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou didst break, and didst make all their loins to be at a stand.
(8) Therefore thus says the Lord God; Behold, I will bring a sword upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee.
כתובים
יב (כו) יָתֵ֣ר מֵרֵעֵ֣הוּ צַדִּ֑יק וְדֶ֖רֶךְ רְשָׁעִ֣ים תַּתְעֵֽם׃
טָב מִן חַבְרֵיהּ צַדִיקָא וְאָרְחֲהוֹן דְרַשִׁיעֵי מַתְעֵי לְהוֹן:
(כז) לֹא־יַחֲרֹ֣ךְ רְמִיָּ֣ה צֵיד֑וֹ וְהוֹן־אָדָ֖ם יָקָ֣ר חָרֽוּץ׃
לָא נִסְתַּקְבֵּל צֵידָא לְגַבְרָא נְכִילָא וּמַזָלֵיהּ דְבַר אֱנָשׁ דַהֲבָא יַקִירָא:
(כח) בְּאֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה חַיִּ֑ים וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣הֿ אַל־מָֽוֶת׃
בְּאָרְחָא דְצִדְקָא חַיֵי וְאוֹרַח דְעַוְתָנָא לְמוֹתָא:
יג (א) בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם מ֣וּסַר אָ֑ב וְ֝לֵ֗ץ לֹא־שָׁמַ֥ע גְּעָרָֽה׃
בַּר חַכִּימָא מְקַבֵּל מַרְדוּתָא דְאַבָּא וּבְרָא מְמִקְנָא לָא מְקַבֵּל בַּעֲתָא:
12 (26) The righteous guides his neighbour aright: but the way of the wicked leads them astray.
(27) The slothful man does not roast his catch: but the industrious man arrives at precious wealth.
(28) In the way of righteousness is life; and in its path there is no death.
13 (1) A wise son hears his father’s instruction: but a scorner does not accept rebuke.
משנה
א. שְׁמֹנָה שְׁרָצִים הָאֲמוּרִים בַּתּוֹרָה, הַצָּדָן וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן, חַיָּב. וּשְׁאָר שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים, הַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן פָּטוּר, הַצָּדָן לְצֹרֶךְ, חַיָּב, שֶׁלֹּא לְצֹרֶךְ, פָּטוּר. חַיָּה וְעוֹף שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּתוֹ, הַצָּדָן פָּטוּר, וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן חַיָּב:
ב. אֵין עוֹשִׂין הִילְמִי בְשַׁבָּת, אֲבָל עוֹשֶׂה הוּא אֶת מֵי הַמֶּלַח וְטוֹבֵל בָּהֶן פִּתּוֹ וְנוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ הַתַּבְשִׁיל. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וַהֲלֹא הוּא הִילְמִי, בֵּין מְרֻבֶּה וּבֵין מֻעָט. וְאֵלוּ הֵן מֵי מֶלַח הַמֻּתָּרִין, נוֹתֵן שֶׁמֶן בַּתְּחִלָּה לְתוֹךְ הַמַּיִם אוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַמֶּלַח:
ג. אֵין אוֹכְלִין אֵזוֹב יוֹן בְּשַׁבָּת, לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַאֲכַל בְּרִיאִים, אֲבָל אוֹכֵל הוּא אֶת יוֹעֶזֶר וְשׁוֹתֶה אַבּוּב רוֹעֶה. כָּל הָאֳכָלִין אוֹכֵל אָדָם לִרְפוּאָה, וְכָל הַמַּשְׁקִין שׁוֹתֶה, חוּץ מִמֵּי דְקָלִים וְכוֹס עִקָּרִים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן לַיְרוֹקָה. אֲבָל שׁוֹתֶה הוּא מֵי דְקָלִים לִצְמָאוֹ, וְסָךְ שֶׁמֶן עִקָּרִין שֶׁלֹּא לִרְפוּאָה:
ד. הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּשִׁנָּיו, לֹא יִגְמַע בָּהֶן אֶת הַחֹמֶץ, אֲבָל מְטַבֵּל הוּא כְדַרְכּוֹ, וְאִם נִתְרַפֵּא נִתְרַפֵּא. הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּמָתְנָיו, לֹא יָסוּךְ יַיִן וְחֹמֶץ, אֲבָל סָךְ הוּא אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶן, וְלֹא שֶׁמֶן וֶרֶד. בְּנֵי מְלָכִים סָכִין שֶׁמֶן וֶרֶד עַל מַכּוֹתֵיהֶן, שֶׁכֵּן דַּרְכָּם לָסוּךְ בַּחֹל. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּנֵי מְלָכִים הֵם:
1. With regard to any of the eight creeping animals mentioned in the Torah, one who traps them or wounds them on Shabbat is liable. The Torah states: “The following shall be impure for you among the creeping animals that swarm upon the earth: The weasel, and the mouse, and the dab lizard of every variety; and the gecko, and the land-crocodile, and the lizard, and the skink, and the chameleon” (Leviticus 11:29–30). With regard to other abominations and crawling things, one who wounds them is exempt. One who traps them for a specific need is liable; one who traps them for no specific need is exempt. With regard to animals or birds that are in his possession, i.e., an animal that is domesticated and under someone’s control, one who traps them is exempt; and, however, one who wounds them is liable.
2. One may not make brine [hilmei] on Shabbat, but one may make salt water and dip one’s bread in it, and place it in cooked food. Rabbi Yosei said: But isn’t it still brine, whether it is a large quantity or whether it is a small quantity? And this is the type of salt water that is permitted: Salt water in which one places oil initially into the water or into the salt. This is salt water prepared not in the usual manner.
3. One may not eat eizoveyon on Shabbat because healthy people do not eat it, and therefore it is clear that anyone eating it is doing so for its medicinal value. However, one may eat a plant called yo’ezer and may drink abuvro’e. Furthermore, all types of food that healthy people eat may be eaten by a person even for medicinal purposes. And one may drink all drinks except for water from palm trees and a kos ikarin because they are known as a remedy for jaundice. Therefore, it is prohibited to drink them on Shabbat for curative purposes. However, one may drink palm tree water on Shabbat in order to quench his thirst, and one may smear ikarin oil on himself for non-medical purposes.
4. One who is concerned about pain in his teeth may not sip vinegar through them on Shabbat for medicinal purposes: however, he may dip his food in vinegar in his usual manner and eat it, and if he is healed by the vinegar, he is healed. One who is concerned about pain in his loins may not smear wine and vinegar on them on Shabbat because that is a medical treatment. However, one may smear oil on them. However, one may not use rose oil, which is very expensive and used exclusively as a cure. However, princes may smear with rose oil on their wounds on Shabbat because it is their usual manner to smear rose oil on themselves during the week for pleasure. Rabbi Shimon says: All of the Jewish people are princes, and it is permitted for them to smear rose oil on themselves on Shabbat.
גמרא
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן כַּמָּה סְעוּדוֹת חַיָּיב אָדָם לֶאֱכוֹל בְּשַׁבָּת שָׁלש. רִבִּי חִידְקָא אוֹמֵר אַרְבַּע. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן וּשְׁנֵיהֶם מִקְּרָא אֶחָד דָּרְשׁוּ (שמות ט''ו) וַיֹּאמֶר משֶה אִכְלוּהוּ הַיּוֹם כִּי שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם לַה' הַיּוֹם לֹא תִמְצָאוּהוּ בַּשָּׂדֶה. רִבִּי חִידְקָא סָבַר הַנֵּי תְּלָתָא הַיּוֹם לְבַר מֵאוּרְתָּא. וְרַבָּנָן סַבְרֵי בַּהֲדֵי דְאוּרְתָּא. תְּנַן נָפְלָה דְלֵקָה בְּלֵילֵי שַׁבָּת מַצִילִין מְזוֹן שָׁלשׁ סְעוּדוֹת. מָאי לָאו דְּלָא אָכַל. לָא דְאָכַל. שַׁחֲרִית מַצִילִין מְזוֹן שְׁתֵּי סְעוּדוֹת מָאי לָאו דְּלָא אָכַל. לָא דְאָכַל. בְּמִנְחָה מַצִילִין מְזוֹן סְעוּדָה אֶחָת. מָאי לָאו דְּלָא אָכַל. לָא דְּאָכַל. וְהָא מִדִּקְתָּנֵי סֵיפָא רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר לְעוֹלָם מַצִילִין מְזוֹן שָׁלשׁ סְעוּדוֹת מִכְּלָל דְּתַנָּא קַמָּא שָׁלשׁ סְבִירָא לֵיהּ. אֶלָּא מַחְוַורְתָא מַתְנִיתִין דְּלָא כְּרִבִּי חִידְקָא. אָמַר רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פָּזִי אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מִשּׁוּם בַּר קַפָּרָא כָּל הַמְּקַיֵּים שָׁלשׁ סְעוּדוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת נִצוֹל מִשָּׁלש פּוּרְעָנִיּוֹת. מֵחֶבְלוֹ שֶׁל מָשִׁיחַ וּמִדִּינָהּ שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָּם וּמִמִּלְחֶמֶת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג. מֵחֶבְלוֹ שֶׁל מָשִׁיחַ כְּתִיב הָכָא יוֹם וּכְתִיב הֲתָם (מלאכי ג') הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שׁוֹלֵחַ לָכֶם אֵת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא לִפְנֵי בֹּא יוֹם וְגוֹמֵר. מִדִּינָה שֶׁל גֵּיהִנָם כְּתִיב הָכָא יוֹם וּכְתִיב הֲתָם (יחזקאל ל''ח) יוֹם עֶבְרָה הַיּוֹם הַהוּא. מִמִּלְחֶמֶת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג כְּתִיב הָכָא יוֹם וּכְתִיב הֲתָם (יחזקאל ל''ח) בְּיוֹם בֹּא גוֹג. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רִבִּי יוֹסֵי כָּל הַמְּעַנֵג אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת נוֹתְנִין לוֹ נַחֲלָה בְלֹא מְצָרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעי' נ''ח) אָז תִּתְעַנַּג עַל ה' וְהִרְכַּבְתִּיךָ עַל בָּמֳתֵי אָרֶץ וְהַאֲכַלְתִּיךָ נַחֲלַת יַעֲקֹב אָבִיךָ וְגוֹמֵר. לֹא כְּאַבְרָהָם שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (בראשית י''ג) קוּם הִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּאָרֶץ לְאָרְכָּהּ וְגוֹמֵר. וְלֹא כְיִצְחָק שֶׁכָתוּב בּוֹ (שם כ''ו) כִּי לְךָ וּלְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתֵּן אֶת כָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת הָאֵל אֶלָּא כְּיעֲקֹב שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (שם כ''ח) וּפָרַצְתָּ יָמָּה וָקֵדְמָה וְצָפוֹנָה וָנֶגְבָּה. רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק אָמַר נִצוֹל מִשִּׁעְבּוּד מַלְכִיּוֹת כְּתִיב הָכָא (ישעי' נ''ח) וְהִרְכַּבְתִּיךָ עַל בָּמֳתֶי אָרֶץ וּכְתִיב הֲתָם (דברים ל''ג) וְאַתָּה עַל בָּמוֹתֵימוֹ תִדְרוֹךְ:
We learned in the mishna that one may rescue food for three meals on Shabbat. How so? If a fire ignited before the meal on Shabbat evening, one rescues food for three meals; if a fire ignited Shabbat morning, he rescues food for two meals; if a fire ignited in the afternoon, he rescues food for one meal. With regard to meals on Shabbat, the Sages taught in a baraita: How many meals is a person obligated to eat on Shabbat? Three. Rabbi Ḥidka says: Four. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: And both of them derived their opinions from one verse: “And Moses said: Eat it today, for today is Shabbat for God, today you will not find it in the field” (Exodus 16:25). Rabbi Ḥidka holds: These three mentions of the word today allude to the number of meals on Shabbat besides the evening meal, as Moses spoke on Shabbat morning. And the Rabbis hold that these three mentions include the evening meal. We learned in the mishna: If a fire ignited on Shabbat evening,
one rescues food for three meals. What, is this not referring to a situation where he has not yet eaten any meals? Apparently, one is obligated to eat only three meals on Shabbat. The Gemara rejects this: No, it is referring to a situation where one already ate one meal. Three meals still remain, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka, who requires four meals. The Gemara challenges this from the continuation of the mishna: If a fire ignited in the morning, one may only rescue food for two meals. What, is it not referring to a situation where one has not yet eaten one’s morning meal and the obligation is to eat only three meals, one at night and two during the day? The Gemara rejects this: No, it is referring to a situation where one has already eaten the morning meal. The Gemara challenges this from the continuation of the mishna: If a fire ignited in the afternoon, one may rescue food for one meal. What, is it not referring to a situation where one has not yet eaten the afternoon meal and the obligation is to eat only three meals? The Gemara rejects this: No, it is referring to a situation where one has already eaten.
The Gemara challenges this: From the fact that it is taught in the latter clause of the mishna: Rabbi Yosei says: One may always rescue food for three meals, by inference, even the first tanna holds that the obligation is to eat three meals, as there is no dispute with regard to the number of meals on Shabbat. Rather, it is clear that the mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka. According to the tanna’im in the mishna, one is obligated to eat three meals on Shabbat.
And that which we learned in another mishna: One who has sufficient food for two meals in his possession may not take food from the charity plate that is distributed to the poor. He is not considered needy and would be taking food at the expense of people who are worse off than he. And one who has food for fourteen meals, enough meals for an entire week, may not take money from the charity fund. The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion is this mishna? Apparently, it is neither in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis nor in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka. If it were in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, they maintain that they are fifteen meals that are eaten in a week, two each day, evening and morning, and three on Shabbat. If it were in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka, they are sixteen meals that are eaten in a week, twelve during the six days of the week and four on Shabbat. The Gemara rejects this: Actually, the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, but we say to him: That which you want to eat at the conclusion of Shabbat, Saturday night, eat it as the third meal on Shabbat.
The Gemara asks: Let us say that this mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis and not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka. The Gemara rejects that approach: Even if you say that it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka, the mishna can be understood, as we can say to him: That which you want to eat on Shabbat eve, Friday afternoon, eat at night on Shabbat instead. The Gemara asks: And do we have a person sit and fast all day on Shabbat eve? According to this suggestion, he would not eat at all on Friday. Rather, we must say: In accordance with whose opinion is this mishna? It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva, who said: Make your Shabbat like a weekday and do not be beholden to other beings. It is preferable to eat two meals on Shabbat as he does during the week if he can thereby avoid taking charity.
And that which we learned in another mishna: One gives no less charity to a poor person who is traveling from place to place than a loaf worth a pundeyon, one forty-eighth of a sela, when the standard price of grain is four se’a for a sela. If he sleeps there, one gives him money for sleeping; and if he spends Shabbat in that city, one gives him food for three meals. Let us say that is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis and not the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka. The Gemara rejects this: Actually, it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Ḥidka. When it says that if the poor traveler spends Shabbat there one gives him food for three meals, it is referring to a case where there is one meal that he brought with him, for we say to him: This meal that you have with you, eat it. The Gemara is surprised at this: And when he goes, does he go empty-handed, with no food. The Gemara answers: We provide him a meal to accompany him when he leaves. The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of money for sleeping? Rav Pappa said: It means that one provides his sleeping needs, i.e., a bed and cushions.
The Sages taught in a baraita: With regard to bowls from which one ate in the evening on Shabbat, he may rinse them in order to eat from them in the morning. Bowls from which one ate in the morning, he may rinse them to eat from them in the afternoon. Bowls from which one ate in the afternoon, he may rinse them to eat from them in the afternoon. However, from the afternoon onward, one may no longer rinse them because there is no further need for these bowls on Shabbat, and it is prohibited to make preparations on Shabbat for a weekday. However, with regard to cups, and ladles, and flasks, which are vessels used for drinking, one rinses them all day long because there is no fixed time for drinking, and one does not know when he will drink again.
Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said in the name of bar Kappara: Anyone who fulfills the obligation to eat three meals on Shabbat is rescued from three punishments: From the pangs of the Messiah, i.e., the suffering that precedes the advent of Messiah, and from the judgment of Gehenna, and from the war of Gog and Magog. The Gemara derives that one is rescued from the pangs of Messiah by means of a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to Shabbat, day: “Eat it today” (Exodus 16:25). And it is written there, with regard to Messiah, day: “Behold, I am sending you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and awesome day of God” (Malachi 3:23). The Gemara derives that one is rescued from the judgment of Gehenna by means of a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to Shabbat, day, as cited above. And it is written there, day: “That day will be a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of destruction and desolation, a day of darkness and blackness, a day of cloud and thick fog” (Zephaniah 1:15), which is interpreted as referring to the punishment of Gehenna. The Gemara derives that one is rescued from the war of Gog and Magog by means of a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to Shabbat, day. And it is written there, with regard to the War of Gog and Magog, day: “And it shall be on that day, on the day that Gog arrives on the land of Israel” (Ezekiel 38:18).
Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: With regard to anyone who delights in the Shabbat, God gives him a boundless portion, i.e., a very large reward, as it is stated: “If you keep your feet from violating Shabbat, from pursuing your affairs on My holy day, and you call Shabbat a delight, the Lord’s holy day honored, and you honor it by not going your own way, or attending to your own matters or speaking idle words. Then you shall delight in the Lord and I will cause you to ride on the heights of the world, and to feast
on the inheritance of Jacob your father, as the mouth of God has spoken” (Isaiah 58:13–14). The reward for delighting in Shabbat is specifically the portion of Jacob. Not that of Abraham, about whom it is written, “Rise, walk through the land through its length and its width because I have given it to you” (Genesis 13:17), i.e., only this land alone in its borders. And not that of Isaac, about whom it is written, “Dwell in this land and I will be with you and I will bless you because I will give all of these lands to you and your offspring” (Genesis 26:3), meaning these lands and no others. Rather, that of Jacob, about whom it is written, “And your offspring will be like the dust of the earth, and you will spread out to the west and to the east and to the north and to the south, and all of the families of the land will be blessed through you and your offspring” (Genesis 28:14). There are no boundaries for Jacob’s portion.
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: One who delights in Shabbat is rescued from the oppression of exile. He derives it by means of a verbal analogy. It is written here, with regard to Shabbat: “And I will cause you to ride on the heights [bamotei] of the world” (Isaiah 58:14), and it is written there: “You are fortunate Israel, who is like you? A nation redeemed by God, the shield that aids you and the sword of your triumph. Your enemies will try to defeat you and you will trample their high places [bamoteimo]” (Deuteronomy 33:29). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: With regard to anyone who delights in the Shabbat, God grants him his heart’s desires, as it is stated: “And you shall delight in God and He will grant you your heart’s desires” (Psalms 37:4). This delight in God, which is mentioned in the verse, I do not know what it is. When it says: “And you shall call the Shabbat delight,” one must say: It is the delight of Shabbat. The Gemara asks: With what does one delight in the day of Shabbat? Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: With a dish of beets, and large fish, and heads of garlic. Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi said that Rav said: Even with regard to a small item and one prepared it in deference to Shabbat, it is a delight. The Gemara asks: What is the small item mentioned? Rav Pappa said: Small fried fish.
זוהר
פָּתַח וְאָמַר (חבקוק ב') כִּי אֶבֶן מִקִּיר תִּזְעָק וְכָפִיס מֵעֵץ יַעֲנֶנָּה. כַּמָּה אִית לֵיהּ לְבַר נַשׁ לְאִזְדַּהָרָא מִחוֹבוֹי דְּלָא יֶחֱטָא קָמֵי קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא. וְאִי יֵימָא מָאן יַסְהִיד בֵּיהּ. הָא אַבְנֵי בֵיתֵיהּ וְאָעֵי בֵיתֵיהּ יַסְהִידוּ בֵיהּ. וּלְזִמְנִין דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא עָבִיד בְּהוּ שְׁלִיחוּתָא. תָּא חֲזֵי חוּטְרָא דְאַהֲרֹן דְּאִיהוּ אָעָא יְבֵישָׁא קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא שֵׁירוּתָא דְנִסִין עָבַד בֵיה וּתְרֵי שְׁלִיחוּתֵי בֵיהּ אִתְעֲבִידוּ. חָד דְאִיהוּ אָעָא יְבֵישָׁא וּבָלַע לְאִינוּן תַּנִּינְיָיא דִלְהוֹן. וְחָד דְהָא לְשַׁעְתָּא אִתְהַדַּר בְּרוּחָא וְאִתְעֲבִיד בִּרְיָה. אָמַר רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר תִּיפַח רוּחֵיהוֹן דְּאִינוּן דְּאַמְרִין דְּלָא זַמִּין קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לְאֲחֲיָיא מֵתַיָיא וְהֵיךְ יִתְעֲבִיד מִנַיְיהוּ בִרְיָה חַדְתָּא. יֵיתוּן וְיֶחֱמוּן אִינוּן טִפְּשָׁאִין חַיָיבַיָא רְחִיקִין מֵאוֹרַיְיתָא רְחִיקִין מִנֵּיהּ. בִּידֵיהּ דְּאַהֲרֹן הֲוָה חוּטְרָא אָעָא יְבֵישָׁא וְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא לְפוּם שַׁעְתָּא אַהְדַּר לֵיהּ בִּרְיָה מְשַׁנְיָא בְרוּחָא וְגוּפָא. אִינוּן גּוּפִין דַּהֲווּ בְהוּ רוּחִין וְנִשְׁמָתִין קַדִּישִׁין וְנַטְרוּ פִּקּוּדֵי אוֹרַיְיתָא וְאִשְׁתְּדָלוּ בְאוֹרַיְיתָא יְמָמָא וְלֵילְיָא וְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא טָמִיר לוֹן בְּעַפְרָא. לְבָתַר בְּזִמְנָא דְיַחֲדֵי עָלְמָא עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה דְיַעֲבִיד לְהוּ בִריָה חַדְתָּא אָמַר רִבִּי חִיָּיא וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא דְהָהוּא גוּפָא דַהֲוָה יָקוּם מַשְׁמַע דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כ''ו) יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךָ. וְלָא כְתִיב יִבְרָא. מַשְׁמַע דְּבִרְיָין אִינוּן אֲבָל יִחְיוּ. דְּהָא (בראשית קל''ז ב') גַרְמָא חָד יִשְׁתְּאַר מִן גוּפָא תְחוֹת אַרְעָא וְהַהוּא לָא אִתְרְקַב וְלָא אִתְבְּלֵי בְעַפְרָא לְעָלְמִין. וּבְהַהוּא זִמְנָא קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא יְרַכֵךְ לֵיהּ וְיַעֲבִיד לֵיה כַּחֲמִירָא בְעִיסָא וְיִסְתַּלַּק וְיִתְפַּשַּׁט לְאַרְבַּע זִוְיָין וּמִנֵּיהּ. יִשְׁתַּכְלַל גּוּפָא וְכָל שַׁיְיפוֹי. וְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא יָהִיב בֵּיהּ רוּחָא לְבָתַר. אָמַר לֵיהּ רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הָכִי הוּא. וְתָא חֲזֵי הַהוּא גַרְמָא בְּמָה אִתְרַכַּךְ. בַּטָּל דִּכְתִיב כִּי טַל אוֹרוֹת טַלֶּךָ וְגוֹמֵר:
פָּתַח וְאָמַר כִּי אֶבֶן מִקִּיר וְגוֹ': כַּמָּה יֵשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם לְהִזָּהֵר מֵחַטָּאָיו שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱטָא לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. וְאִם תֹּאמַר, מִי מֵעִיד עָלָיו. הִנֵּה אַבְנֵי בֵּיתוֹ וְקוֹרוֹת בֵּיתוֹ מֵעִידִים עָלָיו. וְלִפְעָמִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה בָּהֶם שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ. בֹּא וּרְאֵה, מַטֵּה אַהֲרֹן, שֶׁהוּא עֵץ יָבֵשׁ, עָשָׂה בּוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רֵאשִׁית הַנִּסִּים. וּשְׁתֵּי שְׁלִיחוּיוֹת נַעֲשׂוּ בּוֹ, אֶחָד שֶׁהוּא עֵץ יָבֵשׁ וּבָלַע לַתַּנִּינִים שֶׁלָּהֶם. וְאֶחָד, כִּי לְשַׁעְתּוֹ קִבֵּל רוּחַ חַיִּים וְנַעֲשֶׂה בְּרִיָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר תִּפַּח רוּחָם שֶׁל אוֹתָם הָאוֹמְרִים, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ עָתִיד לְהַחֲיוֹת הַמֵּתִים, שֶׁאֵיךְ אֶפְשָׁר, שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה מֵהֶם בְּרִיָּה חֲדָשָׁה. יָבֹאוּ וְיִרְאוּ אֵלּוּ הָרְשָׁעִים הַשּׁוֹטִים הָרְחוֹקִים מִתּוֹרָה וּרְחוֹקִים מִמֶּנּוּ, מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. שֶׁבְּיָדָיו שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן הָיָה מַטֶּה, עֵץ יָבֵשׁ, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֶחֱזִירוֹ לְפִי שָׁעָה לִבְרִיָּה, שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּנָּה בְּרוּחַ וְגוּף, אֵלּוּ הַגּוּפִים שֶׁכְּבָר הָיוּ בָּהֶם רוּחוֹת וּנְשָׁמוֹת קְדוֹשׁוֹת, וְשָׁמְרוּ מִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה, וְעָסְקוּ בַּתּוֹרָה יָמִים וְלֵילוֹת, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הִטְמִין אוֹתָם בְּעָפָר, הִנֵּה אַחַר כָּךְ בָּעֵת שֶׁיִּתְחַדֵשׁ הָעוֹלָם, דְּהַיְנוּ אַחַר גְּמָר הַתִּקּוּן, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָם בְּרִיָּה חֲדָשָׁה. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא אוֹתוֹ גּוּף שֶׁהָיָה, יָקוּם. זֶה מַשְׁמָע, שֶׁכָּתוּב, יִחְיוּ מֵתֶיךְ, וְלֹא כָּתוּב, יִבָּרֵא, מַשְׁמָע שֶׁהֵם כְּבָר נִבְרְאוּ, אֲבָל צְרִיכִים רַק שֶׁיִּחְיוּ. כִּי עֶצֶם אַחַת תִּשָּׁאֵר מִן הַגּוּף מִתַּחַת הָאָרֶץ, וְהָעֶצֶם הַהִיא אֵינָהּ נִרְקֶבֶת וְאֵינָהּ נֶעֱדֶרֶת בָּעָפָר לְעוֹלָם, וּבָעֵת הַהִיא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יְרַכֵּךְ אוֹתָהּ, וְיַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ כִּשְׂאוֹר בַּבָּצֵק, וְתַעֲלֶה וְתִתְפַּשֵּׁט לְאַרְבַּע זָוִיּוֹת, וּמִמֶּנָּהּ יִשְׁתָּכְלֵל הַגּוּף וְכָל אֵבָרָיו, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹתֵן בּוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הָרוּחַ. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר כֵּן הוּא. וּבֹא וּרְאֵה, הָעֶצֶם הַזּוֹ בַּמֶּה מִתְרַכֶּכֶת, בְּטָל. שֶׁכָּתוּב, כִּי טַל אוֹרוֹת טַלֶּךְ וְגוֹ'.
הלכה פסוקה
א. עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים מְעַכְּבִין אֶת הַתְּשׁוּבָה אַרְבָּעָה מֵהֶן עָוֹן גָּדוֹל וְהָעוֹשֵׂה אַחַת מֵהֶן אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַסְפִּיק בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה לְפִי גוֹדֶל חֶטְאוֹ וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. הַמַחֲטִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים וּבִכְלַל עֲוֹן זֶה הַמְּעַכֵּב אֶת הָרַבִים מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוָה:
ב. הַמַּטֶּה אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ מִדֶּרֶךְ טוֹבָה לְרָעָה כְּגוֹן מֵסִית וּמַדִּיחַ:
ג. הָרוֹאֶה בְּנוֹ יוֹצֵא לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה וְאֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה בְיָדוֹ דְּהוֹאִיל וּבְנוֹ בִרְשׁוּתוֹ אִילוּ מִיחָה בּוֹ הָיָה פּוֹרֵשׁ וְנִמְצָא כְּמַחֲטִיאוֹ וּבִכְלַל עָוֹן זֶה כָּל שֶׁאֶפְשַׁר בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת בַּאֲחֵרִים בֵּין יָחִיד בֵּין רַבִּים וְלֹא מִיחָה אֶלָּא מַנִּיחָם בְּכִשְׁלוֹנָם:
ד. הָאוֹמֵר אֶחֱטָא וְאָשׁוּב וּבִכְלַל זֶה אֶחֱטָא וְיוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר:
Twenty-four different transgressions withhold the acceptance of repentance, four of these are of great iniquity, and whosoever commits one of them, the Holy One, blessed is He! provides no means for him to repent, measured, of course, with the monstrosity of his sin. They are: (1) he who leads the public to sin, by which is also included one who witholds the public from performing a commandment; (2) he who diverts his neighbor from the good path to an evil one, for instance, a seducer and an enticer; (3) he who beholds his son cultivating bad habits and does not protest against it, for, his son being under his control, probably, by having protested, he could have separated him therefrom, as a consequence whereof it is as if he himself led him to sin; by which is also included the iniquity of every one who has a possibility to protest against others, whether individuals or many, and does not protest against them but leaves them to their stumbling; (4) he who says: "I will sin and repent"; by which is also included one who says: "I will sin and the Day of Atonement will atone".
מוסר
מהזה"ק ח"ב דף ב' ע"ב (ונכתב בלה"ק)
הַגּוֹרֵם שֶׁיָּמוּת הָעֻבָּר בִּמְעֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ שָׁלשׁ רָעוֹת עוֹשֶׂה שֶׁהָעוֹלָם אֵינוֹ סוֹבֵל וְהָעוֹלָם הוֹלֵךְ וְצוֹעֵר מְעַט מְעַט וְלֹא נוֹדַע וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִסְתַּלֵּק מִן הָעוֹלָם. וְחֶרֶב וְרָעָב וְדֶבֶר בָּאִים לָעוֹלָם. וְאֵלֶּה הֵם הוֹרֵג בָּנָיו הוֹרֵס בִּנְיָן הַמֶּלֶךְ דּוֹחֶה הַשְּׁכִינָה וְהָעוֹלָם נִדּוֹן בְּכָל דִּינִים הָאֲמוּרִים. אוֹי עַל הָאִישׁ הַהוּא אוֹי לוֹ אוֹי לְנַפְשׁוֹ נוֹחַ לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נִבְרָא. אַשְׁרֵיהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיוּ כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה רְבָבוֹת וְהָיוּ בְּגָלוּת וְנִשְׁמְרוּ מִנִדָּה וּמִגּוֹיָה וּמֵהֲרִיגַת זַרְעָם וְאַף שֶׁנִּגְזַר (שמות ב') כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאוֹרָה תַּשְׁלִיכוּהוּ לֹא הָיָה שׁוּם אֶחָד שֶׁהָרַג הָעֻבָּר בִּמְעֵי אִשָּׁה כָל שֶׁכֵּן אַחַר שֶׁנּוֹלַד וּבִזְכוּת זֶה יָצְאוּ מֵהַגָּלוּת. וְאַשְׁרֵי אָדָם שֶׁיִּשְׁמוֹר אוֹת בְּרִית קדֶשׁ כִּי מִלְּבַד עוֹנְשׁוֹ הֶעָצוּם גּוֹרֵם לְגָלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל. ה' בְּרַחֲמָיו יַחֲזִירֵנוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה שְׁלֵימָה: