תורה
יכוין בקריאת חמשה פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד הֶ דמילוי הה ראשונה דשם ב''ן להשאיר בו הארה מתוספת נפש משבת שעברה:
לב (יד) וַיָּ֥לֶן שָׁ֖ם בַּלַּ֣יְלָה הַה֑וּא וַיִּקַּ֞ח מִן־הַבָּ֧א בְיָד֛וֹ מִנְחָ֖ה לְעֵשָׂ֥ו אָחִֽיו׃
וּבָת תַּמָּן בְּלֵילְיָא הַהוּא וּנְסִיב מִן דְּאַיְתִי בִידֵיהּ תִּקְרֻבְתָּא לְעֵשָׂו אֲחוּהִי:
(טו) עִזִּ֣ים מָאתַ֔יִם וּתְיָשִׁ֖ים עֶשְׂרִ֑ים רְחֵלִ֥ים מָאתַ֖יִם וְאֵילִ֥ים עֶשְׂרִֽים׃
עִזֵּי מָאתָן וּתְיָשַׁיָּא עֶסְרִין רְחֵלִין מָאתָן וְדִכְרִין עֶסְרִין:
(טז) גְּמַלִּ֧ים מֵינִיק֛וֹת וּבְנֵיהֶ֖ם שְׁלֹשִׁ֑ים פָּר֤וֹת אַרְבָּעִים֙ וּפָרִ֣ים עֲשָׂרָ֔ה אֲתֹנֹ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וַעְיָרִ֖ם עֲשָׂרָֽה׃
גַּמְלֵי מֶנְקָתָא וּבְנֵיהוֹן תְּלָתִין תּוֹרְתָא אַרְבְּעִין וְתוֹרֵי עַסְרָא אַתְנָן עֶסְרִין וְעִירֵי עַסְרָא:
(יז) וַיִּתֵּן֙ בְּיַד־עֲבָדָ֔יו עֵ֥דֶר עֵ֖דֶר לְבַדּ֑וֹ וַ֤יֹּאמֶר אֶל־עֲבָדָיו֙ עִבְר֣וּ לְפָנַ֔י וְרֶ֣וַח תָּשִׂ֔ימוּ בֵּ֥ין עֵ֖דֶר וּבֵ֥ין עֵֽדֶר׃
וִיהַב בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹהִי עֶדְרָא עֶדְרָא בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי וַאֲמַר לְעַבְדּוֹהִי עִבָּרוּ קֳדָמַי וּרְוָחָא תְּשַׁוּוּן בֵּין עֶדְרָא וּבֵין עֶדְרָא:
(יח) וַיְצַ֥ו אֶת־הָרִאשׁ֖וֹן לֵאמֹ֑ר כִּ֣י יִֽפְגׇשְׁךָ֞ עֵשָׂ֣ו אָחִ֗י וּשְׁאֵֽלְךָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְמִי־אַ֙תָּה֙ וְאָ֣נָה תֵלֵ֔ךְ וּלְמִ֖י אֵ֥לֶּה לְפָנֶֽיךָ׃
וּפַקֵּיד יָת קַדְמָאָה לְמֵימָר אֲרֵי יְעַרְעִנָּךְ עֵשָׂו אָחִי וּשְׁאֵלִנָּךְ לְמֵימָר לְמָן אַתְּ וּלְאָן אַתְּ אָזֵל וּלְמָן אִלֵּין דִּקֳדָמָךְ:
32 (14) And he lodged there that same night; and took of that which came to his hand a present for ῾Esav his brother;
(15) two hundred she goats, and twenty he goats, two hundred ewes, and twenty rams,
(16) thirty milch camels with their colts, forty cows, and ten bulls, twenty she asses, and ten foals.
(17) And he delivered them into the hand of his servants, every drove by itself; and said to his servants, Pass over before me, and put a space between drove and drove.
(18) And he commanded the foremost, saying, When ῾Esav my brother meets thee, and asks thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither dost thou go? and whose are these before thee?
נביאים
א (יא) בְּיוֹם֙ עֲמׇֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד בְּי֛וֹם שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑וֹ וְנׇכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗ו וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלַ֙͏ִם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם׃
בְּיוֹם מְקִימָךְ מִקְבֵיל בְּיוֹמָא דְבָזוּ עַמְמַיָא נִכְסוֹהִי וְנִכְרָאִין עָלוּ בְקִרְוֹהִי וְעַל יְרוּשְׁלֵם רְמוֹ עַדְבִין אַף אַתְּ כְּחַד מִנְהוֹן:
(יב) וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא בְיוֹם־אָחִ֙יךָ֙ בְּי֣וֹם נׇכְר֔וֹ וְאַל־תִּשְׂמַ֥ח לִבְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה בְּי֣וֹם אׇבְדָ֑ם וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה׃
וְדַחֲזֵיתָא בְיוֹמָא דְאֲחוּךְ בְּיוֹם תְּבִירֵיהּ וְדַחֲדִיתָא לִבְנֵי יְהוּדָה בְּיוֹם תְּבִירְהוֹן וּדְאַסְגֵיתָא לְמַלָלָא רַבְרְבָן בְּעִדַן עָקָא:
(יג) אַל־תָּב֤וֹא בְשַֽׁעַר־עַמִּי֙ בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא גַם־אַתָּ֛ה בְּרָעָת֖וֹ בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ׃
וּדְעַלְתָּא בְתַרְעֵי עַמִי בְּיוֹם תְּבִירְהוֹן וְדַחֲזֵיתָא אַף אַתְּ בְּבִישְׁתֵּיהּ בְּיוֹם תְּבִירֵיהּ וּדְאוֹשִׁיטְתָא יְדָךְ בְּנִכְסוֹהִי בְּיוֹם תְּבִירֵיהּ:
(יד) וְאַֽל־תַּעֲמֹד֙ עַל־הַפֶּ֔רֶק לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑יו וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה׃
וּדְקַמְתָּא עַל פִּרְקָא לְשֵׁיצָאָה יַת מְעַרְקוֹהִי וְדִמְסַרְתָּא מְשֵׁיזְבוֹהִי בְּעִדַן עָקָא:
(טו) כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהֹוָ֖ה עַל־כׇּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֙יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ׃
אֲרֵי קָרִיב יוֹמָא דְעָתִיד לְמֵיתֵי מִן קֳדָם יְיָ עַל כָּל עַמְמַיָא כְּמָא דַעֲבָדַת יִתְעֲבֵיד לָךְ גַמְלָךְ יִתְּתָב בְּרֵישָׁךְ:
1 (11) On the day that thou didst stand aloof, on the day that strangers took captive his substance, and foreigners entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Yerushalayim, then thou too wast one of them.
(12) But thou shouldst not have looked on the day of thy brother on the day of his misfortune; nor shouldst thou have rejoiced over the children of Yehuda on the day of their destruction; nor shouldst thou have spoken proudly on the day of distress.
(13) Thou shouldst not have entered into the gate of my people on the day of their calamity; nor shouldst thou have been among those that looked on their affliction on the day of their calamity, nor have laid hands on their substance on the day of their calamity;
(14) nor shouldst thou have stood on the crossway, to cut off those of his who escaped; nor shouldst thou have delivered up those of his who remained on the day of distress.
(15) For the day of the Lord is near upon all the nations: as thou hast done, it shall be done to thee: thy deeds shall return upon thy own head.
כתובים
ז (יח) לְכָ֤ה נִרְוֶ֣ה דֹ֭דִים עַד־הַבֹּ֑קֶר נִ֝תְעַלְּסָ֗ה בׇּאֳהָבִֽים׃
תָּא נִתְבְּסַם בְּרַחֲמָתָא עַד צַפְרָא וְנֶעְסַק חַד לְחַד בְּרִגְאֲגָתָא:
(יט) כִּ֤י אֵ֣ין הָאִ֣ישׁ בְּבֵית֑וֹ הָ֝לַ֗ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ מֵרָחֽוֹק׃
דְגַבְרָא לֵית הוּא בְּבֵיתָא אֱזֵיל בְּאוֹרַח רְחִיקָא:
(כ) צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭כֶּסֶף לָקַ֣ח בְּיָד֑וֹ לְי֥וֹם הַ֝כֵּ֗סֶא יָבֹ֥א בֵיתֽוֹ׃
צְרָרָא דְכַסְפָּא נְסַב בִּידֵיהּ וּלְיוֹמָא דְעֵדָא אָתֵי לְבַיְתֵיהּ:
(כא) הִ֭טַּתּוּ בְּרֹ֣ב לִקְחָ֑הּ בְּחֵ֥לֶק שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗יהָ תַּדִּיחֶֽנּוּ׃
וְאַטְעֵי יָתֵיהּ בְּסוּגְיָא דְמִלָהָא וּבִשְׁעִיעוּתָא דְסִפְוָתָהָא תְּפַתֵּיהּ:
(כב) ה֤וֹלֵ֥ךְ אַחֲרֶ֗יהָ פִּ֫תְאֹ֥ם כְּ֭שׁוֹר אֶל־טֶ֣בַח יָבֹ֑א וּ֝כְעֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל׃
וְהוּא אָזֵל בַּתְרָאָה שְׁלִיָאִית הֵיךְ תּוּרָא דְאָזֵיל לְוַת טִבְחָא וְהֵיךְ כַּלְבָּא לְאִסוּרָא:
7 (18) Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning: let us delight ourselves with loves.
(19) For my husband is not at home, he is gone a long journey:
(20) he has taken a bag of money with him, and will come home at the full moon.
(21) With her much fair speech she causes him to yield, with the smoothness of her lips she seduces him.
(22) He goes after her at once, as an ox goes to the slaughter, and as a man in chains to the chastisement of a fool;
משנה
א. הֶעָרֵל וְכָל הַטְּמֵאִים, לֹא יֹאכְלוּ בַתְּרוּמָה. נְשֵׁיהֶן וְעַבְדֵּיהֶן, יֹאכְלוּ בַתְּרוּמָה. פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, הֵן וְעַבְדֵיהֶן יֹאכְלוּ, וּנְשֵׁיהֶן לֹא יֹאכֵלוּ. וְאִם לֹא יְדָעָהּ מִשֶּׁנַּעֲשָׂה פְצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יֹאכֵלוּ:
ב. אֵיזֶהוּ פְצוּעַ דַּכָּא, כֹּל שֶׁנִּפְצְעוּ הַבֵּיצִים שֶׁלּוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ אַחַת מֵהֶן. וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, כֹּל שֶׁנִּכְרַת הַגִּיד. וְאִם נִשְׁתַּיֵּר מֵהָעֲטָרָה אֲפִלּוּ כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה, כָּשֵׁר. פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה, מֻתָּרִין בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשֻׁחְרֶרֶת, וְאֵינָן אֲסוּרִין אֶלָּא מִלָּבֹא בַקָּהָל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כג), לֹא יָבֹא פְצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שָׁפְכָה בִּקְהַל ה':
ג. עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי, אֲסוּרִים, וְאִסּוּרָן אִסּוּר עוֹלָם, אֲבָל נְקֵבוֹתֵיהֶם מֻתָּרוֹת מִיָּד. מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי אֵינָם אֲסוּרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דוֹרוֹת, אֶחָד זְכָרִים וְאֶחָד נְקֵבוֹת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, קַל וָחֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים, וּמָה אִם בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁאָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אִסּוּר עוֹלָם, הִתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד, מְקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא אָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דוֹרוֹת, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁנַּתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אִם הֲלָכָה נְקַבֵּל, וְאִם לַדִּין, יֵשׁ תְּשׁוּבָה. אָמַר לָהֶם, לֹא כִי, הֲלָכָה אֲנִי אוֹמֵר. מַמְזֵרִין וּנְתִינִין, אֲסוּרִין, וְאִסּוּרָן אִסּוּר עוֹלָם, אֶחָד זְכָרִים, וְאֶחָד נְקֵבוֹת:
ד. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, שָׁמַעְתִּי שֶׁהַסָּרִיס חוֹלֵץ, וְחוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, וְהַסָּרִיס לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, וְאֵין לִי לְפָרֵשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אֲנִי אֲפָרֵשׁ. סְרִיס אָדָם חוֹלֵץ וְחוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיְתָה לוֹ שְׁעַת הַכֹּשֶׁר. סְרִיס חַמָּה לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה לוֹ שְׁעַת הַכֹּשֶׁר. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר, לֹא כִי, אֶלָּא סְרִיס חַמָּה חוֹלֵץ, וְחוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ רְפוּאָה. סְרִיס אָדָם לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ רְפוּאָה. הֵעִיד רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן בְּתֵירָא עַל בֶּן מְגוּסַת שֶׁהָיָה בִירוּשָׁלַיִם סְרִיס אָדָם, וְיִבְּמוּ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ, לְקַיֵּם דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא:
ה. הַסָּרִיס לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא מְיַבֵּם. וְכֵן אַיְלוֹנִית לֹא חוֹלֶצֶת וְלֹא מִתְיַבֶּמֶת. הַסָּרִיס שֶׁחָלַץ לִיבִמְתּוֹ, לֹא פְסָלָהּ. בְּעָלָהּ, פְּסָלָהּ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא בְעִילַת זְנוּת. וְכֵן אַיְלוֹנִית שֶׁחָלְצוּ לָהּ אַחִין, לֹא פְסָלוּהָ. בְּעָלוּהָ, פְּסָלוּהָ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁבְּעִילָתָהּ בְּעִילַת זְנוּת:
ו. סְרִיס חַמָּה כֹּהֵן שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַאֲכִילָהּ בַּתְּרוּמָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס כֹּהֵן שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַאֲכִילָהּ בַּתְּרוּמָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, טֻמְטוּם שֶׁנִּקְרַע וְנִמְצָא זָכָר, לֹא יַחֲלֹץ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְסָרִיס. אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס נוֹשֵׂא, אֲבָל לֹא נִשָּׂא. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס חַיָּבִים עָלָיו סְקִילָה, כְּזָכָר:
1. An uncircumcised priest, e.g., one for whom circumcision was considered too dangerous, and all those who are ritually impure with any type of impurity, may not partake of teruma, the portion of produce that must be set aside for the priests. However, their wives and their slaves may partake of teruma. With regard to both a man with crushed testicles or with other wounds to his genitals [petzua dakka] and one whose penis has been severed [kerut shofkha], it is prohibited for them to marry a woman who was born Jewish. If they are priests they and their slaves may partake of teruma, as this condition does not disqualify them or their property. However, their wives may not partake of teruma, because if a priest has relations with his wife after suffering his injury, he renders her a ḥalala, a woman who is disqualified from marrying a priest, as he has engaged in forbidden sexual relations with her. If such a priest did not know his wife, i.e., did not engage in sexual relations with her, after his testicles were crushed or his penis was severed, she may partake of teruma, as she had married the priest in a permitted manner.
2. And who is deemed a man with crushed testicles? It is anyone whose testicles have been wounded, even one of them. And one whose penis has been severed is anyone whose sexual member has been cut off. As for the measure that renders him unfit, if there remains a portion of the corona, even as much as a hairsbreadth, he is still fit. However, if nothing at all is left of the corona, he is considered as one with a severed penis, for whom it is prohibited by Torah law to marry a Jewish woman. A man with crushed testicles or with other wounds to his genitals and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert or an emancipated maidservant, and they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, as it is stated: “A man wounded with crushed testicles or a severed penis shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:2).
3. Ammonite and Moabite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, and their prohibition is eternal, for all generations. However, their female counterparts, even the convert herself, are permitted immediately. Egyptian and Edomite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation only for three generations, both males and females. Rabbi Shimon renders permitted Egyptian and Edomite females immediately. Rabbi Shimon said: The matter may be derived by way of an a fortiori inference: If in a place where the Torah rendered prohibited the males with an eternal prohibition, i.e., Ammonites and Moabites, it rendered permitted the females immediately, then in a place where it rendered prohibited the males for only three generations, i.e., Egyptians and Edomites, is it not right that we should render permitted the females immediately? Rabbi Shimon’s colleagues said to him: If you are reporting a halakha that you received from your teachers, we will accept it from you. But if you merely wish to prove your case with an a fortiori inference based on your own reasoning, there is a refutation of your argument. Rabbi Shimon said to them: That is not so. I disagree with your claim that the a fortiori inference can be refuted, but in any case I am stating a halakha handed down to me by my teachers. Mamzerim and the Gibeonites who converted to Judaism in the days of Joshua are prohibited from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish. Their prohibition is eternal, for all generations, and it applies to both males and females.
4. Rabbi Yehoshua said: I heard two rulings from my teachers. One ruling is that a eunuch performs ḥalitza with his yevama, and his brothers perform ḥalitza with his wife, and the other ruling is that a eunuch does not perform ḥalitza with his yevama, and his brothers do not perform ḥalitza with his wife. And I cannot explain these two rulings, as I do not remember the circumstances to which each ruling applies. Rabbi Akiva said: I will explain. A eunuch caused by man, i.e., one who became emasculated after birth, performs ḥalitza with his yevama and his brothers perform ḥalitza with his wife, because he had an hour of fitness, a time when he was fertile. On the other hand, a eunuch by natural causes, i.e., who was entirely lacking in sexual capacity from birth, does not perform ḥalitza with his yevama and his brothers do not perform ḥalitza with his wife, because he did not have an hour of fitness, as he never had the potential to father children. Rabbi Eliezer says: No; rather, the opposite is the case: A eunuch by natural causes performs ḥalitza with his yevama and his brothers perform ḥalitza with his wife because he can be cured, whereas a eunuch caused by man does not perform ḥalitza with his yevama and his brothers do not perform ḥalitza with his wife because he cannot be cured. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Beteira testified about a man named ben Megusat, who lived in Jerusalem and was a eunuch caused by man, that his brothers nevertheless entered into levirate marriage with his wife, in order to fulfill and confirm the statement of Rabbi Akiva.
5. A sexually underdeveloped man does not perform ḥalitza or enter into levirate marriage with his yevama. And similarly, a sexually underdeveloped woman [aylonit], who is incapable of bearing children, does not perform ḥalitza or enter into levirate marriage with her yavam. If a sexually underdeveloped man performed ḥalitza with his yevama, he has not thereby disqualified her from marrying into the priesthood, as his ḥalitza is invalid. However, if he had intercourse with her, he has disqualified her. This is because it is considered licentious sexual intercourse, since such intercourse does not fulfill the mitzva of levirate marriage and is therefore categorized as forbidden relations with one’s sister-in-law. And similarly, with regard to a sexually underdeveloped woman, if one of the brothers performed ḥalitza with her he has not thereby disqualified her from marrying into the priesthood. However, if he had intercourse with her, he has disqualified her because the intercourse is considered licentious sexual intercourse.
6. If a priest who is a eunuch by natural causes married an Israelite woman, he enables her to eat teruma. Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon say: If a priest who is a hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female genitals, married an Israelite woman, he enables her to eat teruma. Rabbi Yehuda says: If a tumtum, whose external sexual organs are indeterminate, was torn open so that his genitals were exposed, and he was found to be a male, he must not perform ḥalitza, because he is treated like a eunuch. A hermaphrodite may marry a woman but he may not be married by a man, as he is considered a man. Rabbi Eliezer says: If one had intercourse with a hermaphrodite, he is liable to receive the punishment of stoning on his account as if he had had relations with a male.
גמרא
תַּנְיָא יָכוֹל אָמַר לוֹ אָבִיו הִטַּמֵּא אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ אַל תַּחֲזִיר יָכוֹל יִשְׁמַע לוֹ תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (ויקרא י''ט) אִישׁ אִמּוֹ וְאָבִיו תִּירָאוּ וְאֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ כֻּלְּכֶם חַיָּיבִים בִּכְבוֹדִי. תַּנְיָא יָכוֹל יְהֵא בִּנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ דּוֹחֶה שַׁבָּת תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שם כ''ו) אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ וּמִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ כֻּלְּכֶם חַיָּיבִין בִּכְבוֹדִי. תַּנְיָא יָכוֹל יִתְיָּירֵא אָדָם מִמִּקְדָּשׁ תַלְמוּד לוֹמַר אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ וּמִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ. נֶאֶמְרָה שְׁמִירָה בְּשַׁבָּת וְנֶאֶמְרָה מוֹרָא בְּמִקְדָּשׁ. מַה שְׁמִירָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּשַּׁבָּת לֹא מִשַּׁבָּת אַתָּה מִתְיָירֵא אֶלָּא מִמִּי שֶׁהִזְהִיר עַל הַשַּׁבָּת. אַף מוֹרָא הָאֲמוּרָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ לֹא מִמִּקְדָּשׁ אַתָּה מִתְיָירֵא אֶלָּא מִמִּי שֶׁהִזְהִיר עַל הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. וְאֵיזוֹ הִיא מוֹרָא מִקְדָּשׁ לֹא יִכָּנֵס אָדָם בְּהַר הַבַּיִת בְּמַקְלוֹ וּבְמִנְעָלוֹ וּבְפוּנְדָתוֹ וּבְאָבָק שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלָיו וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ קַפַּנְדְּרִיָּא וּרְקִיקָה מִקַּל וָחֹמֶר. וְאֵין לִי אֶלָּא בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים. בִּזְמָן שֶׁאֵין בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים מְנַיִן תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ וּמִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ מַה שְׁמִירָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּשַּׁבָּת לְעוֹלָם אַף מוֹרָא הָאֲמוּרָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ לְעוֹלָם:
And if you say that prohibitions of Shabbat are different in that they are more severe, this cannot be the case, as the tanna speaks generally and he does not raise any difficulty of this kind as it is taught in the aforementioned baraita: One might have thought that if one’s father said to his son who is a priest or nazirite: Be rendered ritually impure, or if he said to him: Do not return this lost item, it might have been supposed that his son should obey him. Therefore, the verse states: “You shall fear every man his mother and his father and you shall keep My Shabbatot, I am the Lord your God” (Leviticus 19:3), which means: All of you are obligated in My honor.
Rather, there is no proof from here with regard to all Torah prohibitions, because there is room to refute that argument as follows: What about the fact that these instances of driving an animal on Shabbat are merely a preparation for the mitzva of building the Temple, and is not a mitzva in itself? The Gemara raises a difficulty: Let the halakha that preparation for a mitzva does not override a prohibition be derived from there, the case of honoring one’s parents, as stated previously. Why repeat this matter with regard to the building of the Temple?
The Gemara responds: Yes, it is indeed so. And why do I need the verse: “You shall keep My Shabbatot, and revere My Sanctuary” (Leviticus 19:30)? After all, the halakha that the building of the Temple does not override the prohibition against driving an animal on Shabbat is derived from the case of honoring one’s parents. The Gemara answers: It is necessary to derive that which is taught in a baraita: One might have thought that a person should be in reverence of the Temple and turn the Temple itself into an object of worship. Therefore, the verse states: “You shall keep My Shabbatot, and revere My Sanctuary.” The term keeping is stated with regard to Shabbat, and the term reverence is stated with regard to the Temple. Just as in the case of keeping stated with regard to Shabbat,
you do not revere Shabbat itself, as reverence is not mentioned in this context, but rather, one reveres He Who warned about the observance of Shabbat, so too, the same applies to the reverence stated with regard to the Temple: You do not revere the Temple itself but He Who warned about the Temple.
The baraita explains: And what is the reverence of the Temple? In deference to the Temple, a person may not enter the Temple Mount with his staff, his shoes, his money belt [punda], or even the dust on his feet. One may not make the Temple a shortcut [kappendarya] to pass through it, and through an a fortiori inference, all the more so one may not spit on the Temple Mount, as no disrespect is meant by the other actions, whereas spitting is repulsive even in one’s own private home, and certainly on the Temple Mount.
And I have derived only that one is obligated to act in this manner when the Temple is standing. From where do I derive that the mitzva to revere the Temple is in force when the Temple is not standing, i.e., that it is prohibited to be disrespectful toward the place where the Temple stood? The verse states: “You shall keep My Shabbatot, and revere My Sanctuary” (Leviticus 19:30). Just as the keeping stated with regard to Shabbat applies forever, so too, the reverence stated with regard to the Temple is forever.
זוהר
וַיָּשׁוּבוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים אֶל יַעֲקֹב לֵאמֹר בָּאנוּ אֶל אָחִיךָ אֶל עֵשָׂו וְגַם הוֹלֵךְ לִקְרָאתְךָ וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת אִישׁ עִמּוֹ, כֵּיוָן דְּאָמַר בָּאנוּ אֶל אָחִיךָ לָא יַדַּעְנָא דְּאִיהוּ עֵשָׂו, וְכִי אַחִין אָחֳרָנִין הֲווּ לְיַעֲקֹב, אֶלָּא בָּאנוּ אֶל אָחִיךָ, וְאִי תֵּימָא דְּהָדַר בִּתְשׁוּבָה וְאָזִיל בְּאֹרַח מִתַּקְּנָא לָאו הָכִי אֶלָּא עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע כִּדְמֵעִקָּרָא, וְגַם הוֹלֵךְ לִקְרָאתְךָ, וְאִי תֵּימָא דְּאִיהוּ בִּלְחוֹדוֹי אָזִיל לָאו אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת אִישׁ עִמּוֹ, וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה (אֶלָּא אִנּוּן) אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ בְּגִין דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אִתְרַעֵי תָּדִיר בִּצְלוֹתְהוֹן דְּצַדִּיקַיָּא וּמִתְעַטַּר בִּצְלוֹתְהוֹן כִּדְאַמְרֵינָן דְּהַהוּא מַלְאָכָא דִּמְמַנָּא עַל צְלוֹתְהוֹן דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל סנדלפו''ן שְׁמֵיהּ נָטִיל כָּל אִנּוּן צְלוֹתִין וְעָבִיד מִנַּיְהוּ עֲטָרָה לְחַי הָעוֹלָמִים וְאוֹקְמוּהָ, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן צְלוֹתְהוֹן דְּצַדִּיקַיָּא דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אִתְרְעִי בְּהוּ וְאִתְעֲבְדָן עֲטָרָה לְאִתְעַטְּרָא בְּאִנּוּן צְלוֹתִין לְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וְאִי תֵּימָא מְשַׁרְיָן קַדִּישִׁין הֲווּ אַתְיָן עִמֵּיהּ אַמַּאי דָּחִיל אֶלָּא צַדִּיקַיָּא לָא סָמְכִין עַל זְכוּתַיְהוּ אֶלָּא עַל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן לְגַבֵּי מָארֵיהוֹן, וְתָא חֲזֵי דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן צְלוֹתָא דְּסַגִּיאִין סָלִיק קַמֵּי קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וּמִתְעַטַּר בְּהַהוּא צְלוֹתָא בְּגִין דְּסָלְקָא בִּגְוַנִּין סַגִּיאִין וְאִתְכְּלִילָת מִכַּמָּה סִטְרִין וּבְגִין דְּאִתְכְּלִילָת מִכַּמָּה גְּוַנִּין אִתְעֲבִידַת עֲטָרָה וּמִנְחָא עַל רֵישָׁא דְּצַדִּיק חַי הָעוֹלָמִים וּצְלוֹתָא דְּיָחִיד לָאו אִיהִי כַּלִּילָא וְלָאו אִיהִי אֶלָּא בִּגְוָן חָד וְעַל דָּא צְלוֹתָא דְּיָחִיד לָאו אִיהוּ מִתְתַּקְּנָא לְאִתְקַבָּלָא (אֶלָּא בִּצְלוֹתָא) כִּצְלוֹתָא דְּסַגִּיאִין, וְתָא חֲזֵי יַעֲקֹב כָּלִיל הַוָּה וְעַל דָּא צְלוֹתֵיהּ תָּאִיב לָהּ קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא מַה כְּתִיב וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב מְאֹד וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה פָּתַח וְאָמַר (משלי כ''ח) אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם מְפַחֵד תָּמִיד וּמַקְשֶׁה לִבּוֹ יִפּוֹל בְּרָעָה זַכָּאִין אִנּוּן יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא אִתְרְעִי בְּהוּ וְיָהַב לוֹן אוֹרַיְתָא דִּקְשׁוֹט בְּגִין לְמִזְכֵּי בָּהּ לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא דְּכָל מַאן דְּאִשְׁתַּדַּל בְּאוֹרַיְתָא קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא מָשִׁיךְ עֲלֵיהּ חַיִּין עִלָּאִין וְאָעִיל לֵיהּ לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא דְּאָתֵי דִּכְתִיב (דברים ל') כִּי הִיא חַיֶּיךָ וְאוֹרֶךְ יָמֶיךָ, וּכְתִיב (שם ל''ב) וּבַדָּבָר הַזֶּה תַאֲרִיכוּ יָמִים חַיִּין בְּהַאי עָלְמָא וְחַיִּין בְּעָלְמָא דְּאָתֵי:
"And the messengers returned to Jacob, saying: 'We came to your brother Esau, and he is also coming to meet you, and four hundred men with him'" (Beresheet 32:7). He asks, After saying, "We came to your brother," do we not know they referred to Esau, as he had no other brothers? He answers, "We came to your brother" means that he did not repent and walk the path of righteousness, as may be thought, but remained the evil Esau as before. "and he is also coming to meet you..." does not mean, as you may say, by himself, but rather he has "four hundred men with him."
Why was all this specified? Because the Holy One, blessed be He, always longs for the prayers of the righteous and adorns Himself with them. As we have already said, the angel in charge of the prayers of Yisrael, whose name is Sandalphon, receives all their prayers and weaves them into a crown for the Life of the Worlds. The Holy One, blessed be He, desires the prayers of the righteous all the more; they become a crown with which to adorn the Holy One, blessed be He. You may wonder why Jacob was fearful, since camps of holy angels accompanied him. He was fearful because the righteous do not rely on their merit, but on their prayers and supplications before their Master.
Come and behold, Rabbi Shimon said that the prayer of the congregation rises before the Holy One, blessed be He, and He is adorned by that prayer because it ascends in several ways, One asking for Chassadim, another for Gevurot, and the third for Mercy. It consists of several sides, the right side, the left, and the middle, as Chassadim are drawn from the right, Gevurot from the left, and Mercy from the middle. Because it comprises several aspects, it is woven into a wreath and put on the head of the righteous One, the Life of the Worlds that is, Yesod, which gives salvation to the Nukva and from Her, to the whole congregation. But a solitary prayer does not include all the sides; rather, it contains only one aspect. One can only ask for Chassadim, Gevurot, or Mercy. Therefore, the solitary prayer is not prepared and accepted as is that of the congregation; It is not included within all the three Columns as is the prayer of the congregation. Come and behold, Jacob included all three Columns, being the Chariot of the Central Column, which includes both. Therefore, the Holy One, blessed be He, desired his prayer perfected by all three Columns. It is therefore written, "Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed." The Holy One, blessed be He, did all that to encourage Jacob to pray, for He craved his prayer.
Rabbi Yehuda began the discussion with the verse, "Happy is the man who fears always, but he who hardens his heart shall fall into evil" (Mishlei 28:14).
Happy are Yisrael, whom the Holy One, blessed be He, desires and to whom He gave the Torah of Truth with which to attain eternal life. For whoever is occupied with the study of the Torah receives supernal life from the Holy One, blessed be He, and is ushered into the life of the World to Come, as it is written, "for He is your life, and the length of your days" (Devarim 30:20), and, "and through this word you shall prolong your days" (Devarim 32:47) for it is life in this world and life in the World to Come.
וַיָּשׁוּבוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים וְגוֹ': שׁוֹאֵל, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר בָּאנוּ אֶל אָחִיךְ, עוֹד אֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁהוּא עֵשָׂו, וְכִי הָיוּ אַחִים אֲחֵרִים לְיַעֲקֹב, וּמֵשִׁיב, אֶלָּא בָּאנוּ אֶל אָחִיךְ, פֵּרוּשׁוֹ וְאִם תֹּאמַר שֶׁחָזַר בִּתְשׁוּבָה, וְהוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ מְתוּקָן, לֹא כֵּן, אֶלָּא עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע כְּמִקּוֹדֶם לָכֵן. וְגַם הוֹלֵךְ לִקְרָאתְךְ, וְאִם תֹּאמַר, שֶׁהוֹלֵךְ בִּלְבַדּוֹ, לֹא, אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת אִישׁ עִמּוֹ. וְלָמָּה אָמְרוּ לוֹ כָּל זֹאת, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רוֹצֶה תָּמִיד בִּתְפִלַּת הַצַדִּיקִים וּמִתְעַטֵּר בִּתְפִלָּתָם. וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ, שֶׁאוֹתוֹ הַמַּלְאָךְ הַמְּמוּנֶה עַל תְּפִלַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל סנדלפו''ן שְׁמוֹ, הוּא לוֹקֵחַ כָּל הַתְּפִלּוֹת וְעוֹשֶׂה מֵהֶן עֲטָרָה לְחַי הָעוֹלָמִים. וּבֵאֲרוּהָ. וּמִכָּל שֶׁכֵּן תְּפִלּוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רוֹצֶה בָּהֶן, וְנַעֲשׂוֹת עֲטָרָה, שֶׁיִּתְעַטֵּר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּא לוֹ הַתְּפִלּוֹת. וְאִם תֹּאמַר, הֲלֹא מַחֲנוֹת הַמַּלְאָכִים הַקְּדוֹשִׁים הָיוּ בָּאִים עִמּוֹ, וְלָמָּה נִתְיָרֵא. אֶלָּא, הַצַדִּיקִים אֵינָם סוֹמְכִים עַל זְכוּתָם, אֶלָּא עַל תְּפִלּוֹת וּבַקָּשׁוֹת אֶל רִבּוֹנָם. וּבֹא וּרְאֵה, שֶׁאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, תְּפִלָּה שֶׁל רַבִּים עוֹלָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְעַטֵּר בְּאוֹתָהּ הַתְּפִלָּה. מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהִיא עוֹלָה בְּכַמָּה אוֹפַנִים, וְנִכְלֶלֶת מִכַּמָּה צְדָדִים, וּמִשּׁוּם שֶׁנִּכְלֶלֶת מִכַּמָּה אוֹפַנִּים וּצְדָדִים, נַעֲשֵׂית עֲטָרָה וּמוּנַחַת עַל רֹאשׁ צַדִּיק חַי הָעוֹלָמִים, אֲבָל תְּפִלַּת יָחִיד אֵינָהּ כְּלוּלָה מִכָּל הַצְדָדִים, וְהִיא אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא בְּאוֹפֶן אֶחָד, וְעַל כֵּן תְּפִלַּת יָחִיד אֵינָהּ מְתוּקֶנֶת לְהִתְקַבֵּל כְּמוֹ תְּפִלַּת הָרַבִּים. וּבֹא וּרְאֵה, יַעֲקֹב הָיָה כָּלוּל מִכָּל שָׁלֹש הַקַּוִּין, בִּהְיוֹתוֹ מֶרְכָּבָה לַקָּו הָאֶמְצָעִי הַכּוֹלֵל שְׁנֵיהֶם, וּלְפִיכָךְ חָשַׁק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ, בִּהְיוֹתָהּ בְּכָל הַשְּׁלֵמוּת מִכָּל שָׁלֹש הַקַּוִּין, כְּמוֹ תְּפִלַּת הָרַבִּים. וְעַל כֵּן כָּתוּב, וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב מְאֹד וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה פָּתַח וְאָמַר, אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם מְפַחֵד תָּמִיד וּמַקְּשֶׁה לִבּוֹ יִפּוֹל בָּרָעָה. אַשְׁרֵיהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רָצָה בָּהֶם, וְנָתַן לָהֶם תּוֹרַת אֱמֶת, כְּדֵי לִזְכּוֹת בָּהּ לְחַיֵּי עוֹלָם. כִּי כָּל מִי שֶׁעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹשֵׁךְ עָלָיו חַיִּים עֶלְיוֹנִים, וּמְבִיאוֹ לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁכָּתוּב, כִּי הִוא חַיֶּיךְ וְאוֹרֶךְ יָמֶיךְ, וְכָתוּב וּבַדָּבָר הַזֶּה תַּאֲרִיכוּ יָמִים, כִּי הִיא חַיִּים בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, חַיִּים בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא.
הלכה פסוקה
א. אֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶת הָרָב כְּשֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לְמִדְרָשׁ עַד שֶׁתִּתְיַשֵּׁב דַּעְתּוֹ עָלָיו וְאֵין הַתַּלְמִיד שׁוֹאֵל כְּשֶׁיִּכָּנֵס עַד שֶׁיִּתְיַישֵּׁב וְיָנוּחַ וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין שְׁנַיִם כְּאֶחָד. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶת הָרָב מֵעִנְיָן אַחֵר אֶלָּא מֵאוֹתוֹ הָעִנְיָן שֶׁהֵן עֲסוּקִים בּוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְבַּיֵּישׁ וְיֵשׁ לָרָב לְהַטְעוֹת אֶת הַתַּלְמִידִים בִּשְׁאֵלוֹתָיו וּבְמַעֲשִׂים שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה בִפְנֵיהֶם כְּדֵי לְחַדְדָן וּכְדֵי שֶׁיֵּדַע אִם זוֹכְרִים הֵם מַה שֶּׁלִּמְּדָם אוֹ אֵינָם זוֹכְרִים. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁיֵשׁׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת לִשְׁאוֹל אוֹתָם בְּעִנְיַן אַחֵר שֶׁאֵין עוֹסְקִין בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְזָרְזָם:
ב. אֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין מְעוֹמֶד וְאֵין מְשִׁיבִין מְעוֹמֶד וְלֹא מִגָּבוֹהַּ וְלֹא מֵרָחוֹק. וְלֹא מֵאֲחוֹרֵי הַזְקֵנִים. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין הָרָב אֶלָּא בְּעִנְיַן שֶׁהֵן קוֹרִין בּוֹ וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶלָּא מִיִּרְאָה וְלֹא יִשְׁאַל בְּעִנְיַן יוֹתֵר מִשָּׁלשׁ הֲלָכוֹת:
ג. שְׁנַיִם שֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ שָׁאַל אֶחָד כְּעִנְיָן וְשָׁאַל אֶחָד שֶׁלֹּא כְעִנְיָן נִזְקָקִין לִכְעִנְיָן. מַעֲשֵׂה וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מַעֲשֵׂה נִזְקָקִין לְמַעֲשֶׂה. הֲלָכָה וּמִדְרָשׁ נִזְקָקִין לַהֲלָכָה. מִדְרָשׁ וַאֲגָדָה נִזְקָקִין לְמִדְרָשׁ. אֲגָדָה וְקַל וְחוֹמֶר נִזְקָקִין לְקַל וְחוֹמֶר. קַל וָחוֹמֶר וּגְזֵרָה שָׁוָה נִזְקָקִין לְקַל וְחוֹמֶר. הָיוּ הַשּׁוֹאֲלִין שְׁנַיִם אֶחָד חָכָם וְאֶחָד תַּלְמִיד נִזְקָקִין לֶחָכָם. תַּלְמִיד וְעַם הָאָרֶץ נִזְקָקִין לְתַלְמִיד. שְׁנֵיהֶם חֲכָמִים שְׁנֵיהֶם תַּלְמִידִים שְׁנֵיהֶם עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ שָׁאֲלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בִּשְׁתֵי הֲלָכוֹת אוֹ בִּשְׁתֵי תְשׁוּבוֹת אוֹ בִּשְׁתֵי שְׁאֵלוֹת בִּשְׁנֵי מַעֲשִׂים הָרְשׁוּת בְּיַד הַמְתַרְגֵּם מֵעַתָּה:
The master should not be asked any question upon his arrival in the lecture room, not until his mind will be tranquil; nor should a disciple commence to ask questions as soon as he comes in, not until he will be rested and his thoughts composed. Two students should ask no question simultaneously. No question on a different subject should be asked of a master, but limit it to the subject under discussion, so that he be not put to shame. The master may circumvent his questions of the students and his demeaner when in their presence in order to test and energize them, and to know whether they remember what they have learned or whether they do not remember it. Needless to say that he has authority to ask them questions regarding other subjects which are not under discussion so as to have them take care of all their lessons.7Tosefta, Sanhedrin, ch. 7; Shabbat, 3b; Horayot, 14a; Ketubot, 61a; Bekorot, 45b; Nedarim, 90a. C. R.
No question should be asked standing and no replies given standing; not from a higher place and not from a distance and not from behind the elders. No questions should be asked of the master save on the subject of the lesson then being recited, and the questioning should not be in any but in a profound mood, and each student should not ask more than three questions on a given subject.8Tosefta, Sanhedrin, ch. 7; the admonition here is not to question the master even on the subject under discussion, but confine it to the particular phase of the question. For example: If the subject is concerning the Sabbath, and the chapter deals with carrying things from domicile to domicile, he shall not be asked what to do if a barrel breaks open on Sabbath. C. G.
Concerning two who ask questions. One asked on the subject and the other asked not on the subject, attention should be paid to the subject; about a rule of practice and about a matter not touching practice, attention should be paid to practice; law and homiletics, attention should be paid to law; homiletics and legend, attention should be paid to homiletics; legend and inference from minor to major, attention should be paid to minor and major; inference from minor to major and inference from a similarity of phrases, attention should be paid to the inference from minor to major. If, of the two questioners, one was a master and the other a student, attention should be paid to the master; a student and an ignoramous, attention should be paid to the student; if both were masters, or both students, or both ignoramouses, or both ask two treatises, or two responses, or two questions concerning two rules of practice, the interpreter has discretionary powers under such circumstances.
מוסר
ספר צידה לדרך דף ר"ו ע"ב
הָאַזְהָרָה מִתְחַלֶּקֶת לִשְׁנֵי חֲלָקִים אֶחָד מֵהֶם חוֹבַת הַלְּבָבוֹת וְהַשֵׁנִי חוֹבַת הַאֵבָרִים. הָאַזְהָרָה שֶׁל חוֹבַת הַלְּבָבוֹת הוּא שֶׁיִּזָּהֵר מֵהִשְׁתַּתֵּף עִם הַבּוֹרֵא יִתְעַלֶּה שׁוּם שִׁתּוּף בָּעוֹלָם וְיַרְחִיק מִלִּבּוֹ שׁוּם תּוֹאַר מִתּוֹאֲרֵי הַגּוּף וּמִמַּשִּׂיגֵי הַגּוּף. וְלִשְׂנוֹא בְּלִבּוֹ כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּזְהַר עָלָיו שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ. וְיַרְחִיק מִלִּבּוֹ הַגַּאֲוָה וְהַגּוֹבַהּ וְהַגָּאוֹן וְהַדּוֹמֶה לּוֹ וְשֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ נִבְזִים בְּנֵי אָדָם בְּלִבּוֹ וְלֹא דִּבְרֵי הַנְּבִיאִים וּמָאוֹס בְּרָע וּבְרָעִים וּבְקִנְאָה וּבְחֶמְדָּה וְלֹא יָקוֹץ בְּלִבּוֹ בִּגְזֵירַת יוֹצְרוֹ. וְחוֹבַת הָאֵבָרִים הוּא הָאַזְהָרָה שֶׁלֹּא יְשַׁתֵּף דָּבָר עִם הַבּוֹרֵא בְּגָלוּי וּבְנִסְתָּר וְיִזָּהֵר מִלָּשׁוֹן הָרָע וּמִשְׁבוּעוֹת שָׁוְא וְכָזָב וּרְכִילוּת וַאֲכִילַת אִיסוּר וּבִיאוֹת אֲסוּרוֹת וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים וְגֶזֶל וְחָמָס וְהַדּוֹמִים לָהֶם. וְהַמֻּתָּר יְחַלֵּק לִשְׁלשָׁה חֲלָקִים. הָאֶחָד דֵּי הַסִּפּוּק. וְהַשֵׁנִי מוֹתָרוֹת. וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי הַכִּילִיּוּת. דֵי הַסִּפּוּק מַה שֶׁאִי אֶפְשַׁר בִּלְעָדוֹ וּמִצְוָה עַל הָאָדָם שֶׁיַּנְהִיג כָּל דְּרָכָיו עַל דֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִי בַּאֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה וּבְמַלְבּוּשִׁים וּבְנָשִׁים וּבִסְחוֹרוֹת וּבְכָל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קי''ב) טוֹב אִישׁ חוֹנֵן וּמַלְוֶה יְכַלְכֵּל דְבָרָיו בְּמִּשְׁפָּט: