תורה
יכוין בקריאת חמשה פסוקים אלו שהם כנגד הִ דמילוי הה אחרונה דשם ב''ן לקנות הארת רוח יתרה משבת הבאה:
לב (כה) וַיִּוָּתֵ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְבַדּ֑וֹ וַיֵּאָבֵ֥ק אִישׁ֙ עִמּ֔וֹ עַ֖ד עֲל֥וֹת הַשָּֽׁחַר׃
וְאִשְׁתָּאַר יַעֲקֹב בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי וְאִשְׁתַּדֵּל גַּבְרָא עִמֵּיהּ עַד דִּסְלֵק צַפְרָא:
(כו) וַיַּ֗רְא כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יָכֹל֙ ל֔וֹ וַיִּגַּ֖ע בְּכַף־יְרֵכ֑וֹ וַתֵּ֙קַע֙ כַּף־יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּהֵאָֽבְק֖וֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃
וַחֲזָא אֲרֵי לָא יָכִיל לֵיהּ וּקְרֵיב בִּפְתֵי יַרְכֵּיהּ וְזָע פְּתֵי יַרְכָּא דְיַעֲקֹב בְּאִשְׁתַּדָּלוּתֵיהּ עִמֵּיהּ:
(כז) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שַׁלְּחֵ֔נִי כִּ֥י עָלָ֖ה הַשָּׁ֑חַר וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ לֹ֣א אֲשַֽׁלֵּחֲךָ֔ כִּ֖י אִם־בֵּרַכְתָּֽנִי׃
וַאֲמַר שַׁלְּחַנִי אֲרֵי סְלִיק צַפְרָא וַאֲמַר לָא אֲשַׁלְּחִנָּךְ אֶלָּהֵין בֵּרַכְתָּנִי:
(כח) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו מַה־שְּׁמֶ֑ךָ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹֽב׃
וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה שְׁמָךְ וַאֲמַר יַעֲקֹב:
(כט) וַיֹּ֗אמֶר לֹ֤א יַעֲקֹב֙ יֵאָמֵ֥ר עוֹד֙ שִׁמְךָ֔ כִּ֖י אִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כִּֽי־שָׂרִ֧יתָ עִם־אֱלֹהִ֛ים וְעִם־אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַתּוּכָֽל׃
וַאֲמַר לָא יַעֲקֹב יִתְאֲמַר עוֹד שְׁמָךְ אֶלָּהֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲרֵי רַבְרְבַת קֳדָם יְיָ וְעִם גוּבְרַיָּא וִיכָלְתָּא:
32 (25) And Ya῾aqov was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.
(26) And when he saw that he did not prevail against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Ya῾aqov’s thigh was put out of joint, as he wrestled with him.
(27) And he said, Let me go, for the day breaks. And he said, I will not let thee go, unless thou bless me.
(28) And he said to him, What is thy name? And he said, Ya῾aqov.
(29) And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Ya῾aqov, but Yisra᾽el: for thou hast contended with God and with men, and hast prevailed.
נביאים
א (א) וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהֹוָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹנָ֥ה בֶן־אֲמִתַּ֖י לֵאמֹֽר׃
וַהֲוָה פִּתְגַם נְבוּאָה מִן קֳדָם יְיָ עִם יוֹנָה בַר אֲמִתַּי לְמֵימָר:
(ב) ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ כִּֽי־עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי׃
קוּם אֱזֵיל לְנִינְוֵה קַרְתָּא רַבְּתָא וְאִתְנַבֵּי עַלָהּ אֲרֵי סְלִיקַת בִּישַׁתְהוֹן קֳדָמָי:
(ג) וַיָּ֤קׇם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהֹוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ וַיִּמְצָ֥א אֳנִיָּ֣ה ׀ בָּאָ֣ה תַרְשִׁ֗ישׁ וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ לָב֤וֹא עִמָּהֶם֙ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃
וְקָם יוֹנָה לְמֶעְרַק לְיַמָא מִן קֳדָם דְאִתְנַבֵּי בִּשְׁמָא דַייָ וּנְחַת לְיָפוֹ וְאַשְׁכַּח אִילְפָא דַאֲזָלָא לְיַמָא וִיהַב אַגְרָא וּנְחַת בָּהּ לְמֵיזַל עִמְהוֹן בְּיַמָא מִן קֳדָם דְאִתְנַבֵּי בִּשְׁמָא דַיָי:
(ד) וַֽיהֹוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם וַיְהִ֥י סַֽעַר־גָּד֖וֹל בַּיָּ֑ם וְהָ֣אֳנִיָּ֔ה חִשְּׁבָ֖ה לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר׃
וַיָי אֲרִים רוּחַ רַב עַל יַמָא וַהֲוָה נַחְשׁוֹל רַב בָּיַמָא וְאִילְפָא בָּעֲיָא לְאִתַּבְּרָא:
(ה) וַיִּֽירְא֣וּ הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים וַֽיִּזְעֲקוּ֮ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־אֱלֹהָיו֒ וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם׃
וּדְחִילוּ סַפְנַיָא וּבְעוֹ גְבַר מִן דְחַלְתֵּיהּ וַחֲזוֹ אֲרֵי לֵית בְּהוֹן צְרוֹךְ וּרְמוֹ יַת מָנַיָא דִבְאִילְפָא לְיַמָא לְאַקָלָא מִנְהוֹן וְיוֹנָה נְחֵית לְאַרְעִית שִׁדָא דְאִילְפָא וּשְׁכִיב וּדְמוּךְ:
1 (1) Now the word of the Lord came to Yona the son of Amittay, saying,
(2) Arise, go to Nineve, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me.
(3) But Yona rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord, and went down to Yafo; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare of it, and went down into it, to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord.
(4) But the Lord hurled a great wind upon the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship seemed likely to be wrecked.
(5) Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man to his god, and threw out the articles that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it for them. But Yona was gone down into the recesses of the ship; and he lay down, and was fast asleep.
כתובים
ח (ב) בְּרֹאשׁ־מְרֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת נִצָּֽבָה׃
בְּרֵישׁ רָמָתָא עַל אָרְחָא אִיתָא וּבֵינָת שְׁבִילֵי קָיְמָא:
(ג) לְיַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְפִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים תָּרֹֽנָּה׃
וְעַל תַּרְעֵי בְּפוּמָא דְקִרְיָא וּבְמַעֲלָנָא דְתַרְעֵי מִשְׁתַּבְּחָא וְאָמְרָה:
(ד) אֲלֵיכֶ֣ם אִישִׁ֣ים אֶקְרָ֑א וְ֝קוֹלִ֗י אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם׃
לְכוֹן גַבְרֵי קָרִינָא וְקָלִי עַל בְּנֵי נָשָׁא:
(ה) הָבִ֣ינוּ פְתָאיִ֣ם עׇרְמָ֑ה וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים הָבִ֥ינוּ לֵֽב׃
אִתְבַּיְנוּ שַׁבְרֵי עֲרִימוּתָא וְשַׁטְיֵי נִסְתַּכְּלוּן בְּלִבְּהוֹן:
(ו) שִׁ֭מְעוּ כִּֽי־נְגִידִ֣ים אֲדַבֵּ֑ר וּמִפְתַּ֥ח שְׂ֝פָתַ֗י מֵישָׁרִֽים׃
שְׁמַעוּ מְטוּל דִשְׁרִירוּתָא מְמַלְלָא אֲנָא וּמְמַלֵל פּוּמִי תְרִיצוּתָא:
8 (2) She stands at the top of high places by the way, where the paths meet.
(3) She cries out at the gates, at the entry of the city, at the coming in of the doors.
(4) To you, O men, I call; and my voice is to the sons of man.
(5) O you simple, understand prudence: and, you fools, be of an understanding heart.
(6) Hear; for I will speak excellent things; and the opening of my lips shall be rectitude.
משנה
א. כָּל הַזְּבָחִים שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבוּ בְחַטָּאוֹת הַמֵּתוֹת, אוֹ בְשׁוֹר הַנִּסְקָל, אֲפִלּוּ אֶחָד בְּרִבּוֹא, יָמוּתוּ כֻלָּם. נִתְעָרְבוּ בְשׁוֹר שֶׁנֶּעֶבְדָה בוֹ עֲבֵרָה, אוֹ שֶׁהֵמִית אֶת הָאָדָם עַל פִּי עֵד אֶחָד, אוֹ עַל פִּי הַבְּעָלִים, בְּרוֹבֵעַ, וּבְנִרְבָּע, וּבְמֻקְצֶה, וּבְנֶעֱבָד, וּבְאֶתְנָן, וּבִמְחִיר, וּבְכִלְאַיִם, וּבִטְרֵפָה, וּבְיוֹצֵא דֹפֶן, יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֲבוּ, וְיִמָּכְרוּ וְיָבִיא בִדְמֵי הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן מֵאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין. נִתְעָרֵב בְּחֻלִּין תְּמִימִים, יִמָּכְרוּ הַחֻלִּין לִצְרִיכֵי אוֹתוֹ הַמִּין:
ב. קָדָשִׁים בְּקָדָשִׁים מִין בְּמִינוֹ, זֶה יִקְרַב לְשֵׁם מִי שֶׁהוּא וְזֶה יִקְרַב לְשֵׁם מִי שֶׁהוּא. קָדָשִׁים בְּקָדָשִׁים, מִין בְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ, יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֲבוּ, וְיִמָּכְרוּ, וְיָבִיא בִדְמֵי הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן מִמִּין זֶה, וּבִדְמֵי הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן מִמִּין זֶה, וְיַפְסִיד הַמּוֹתָר מִבֵּיתוֹ. נִתְעָרְבוּ בִבְכוֹר וּבְמַעֲשֵׂר, יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֲבוּ, וְיֵאָכְלוּ כִּבְכוֹר וּכְמַעֲשֵׂר. הַכֹּל יְכוֹלִין לְהִתְעָרֵב, חוּץ מִן הַחַטָּאת וּמִן הָאָשָׁם:
ג. אָשָׁם שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב בִּשְׁלָמִים, יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֲבוּ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, שְׁנֵיהֶם יִשָּׁחֲטוּ בַצָּפוֹן, וְיֵאָכְלוּ כֶחָמוּר שֶׁבָּהֶן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֵין מְבִיאִין קָדָשִׁים לְבֵית הַפְּסוּל. נִתְעָרְבוּ חֲתִיכוֹת בַּחֲתִיכוֹת, קָדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים בְּקָדָשִׁים קַלִּים, הַנֶּאֱכָלִין לְיוֹם אֶחָד בַּנֶּאֱכָלִים לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים, יֵאָכְלוּ כֶחָמוּר שֶׁבָּהֶן:
ד. אֵבְרֵי חַטָּאת שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבוּ בְאֵבְרֵי עוֹלָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יִתֵּן לְמַעְלָן, וְרוֹאֶה אֲנִי אֶת בְּשַׂר הַחַטָּאת מִלְמַעְלָן כְּאִלּוּ הוּא עֵצִים. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, תְּעֻבַּר צוּרָתָן וְיֵצֵא לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה:
ה. אֵבָרִין בְּאֵבְרֵי בַעֲלֵי מוּמִין, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אִם קָרֵב רֹאשׁ אַחַד מֵהֶן, יִקְרְבוּ כָל הָרָאשִׁין. כַּרְעוֹ שֶׁל אַחַד מֵהֶן, יִקְרְבוּ כָל הַכְּרָעָיִם. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ קָרְבוּ כֻלָּם חוּץ מֵאַחַד מֵהֶן, יֵצֵא לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה:
ו. דָּם שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב בְּמַיִם, אִם יֶשׁ בּוֹ מַרְאֵה דָם, כָּשֵׁר. נִתְעָרֵב בְּיַיִן, רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְאִלּוּ הוּא מָיִם. נִתְעָרֵב בְּדַם בְּהֵמָה אוֹ בְדַם חַיָּה, רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְאִלּוּ הוּא מָיִם. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אֵין דָּם מְבַטֵּל דָּם:
ז. נִתְעָרֵב בְּדַם פְּסוּלִין, יִשָּׁפֵךְ לָאַמָּה. בְּדַם תַּמְצִית, יִשָּׁפֵךְ לָאַמָּה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מַכְשִׁיר. אִם לֹא נִמְלַךְ וְנָתַן, כָּשֵׁר:
ח. דַּם תְּמִימִים בְּדַם בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִים, יִשָּׁפֵךְ לָאַמָּה. כּוֹס בְּכוֹסוֹת, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, קָרַב כּוֹס אֶחָד, יִקְרְבוּ כָל הַכּוֹסוֹת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ קָרְבוּ כֻלָּם חוּץ מֵאַחַד מֵהֶן, יִשָּׁפֵךְ לָאַמָּה:
ט. הַנִּתָּנִין לְמַטָּה שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבוּ בַנִּתָּנִין לְמַעְלָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יִתֵּן לְמַעְלָה, וְרוֹאֶה אֲנִי אֶת הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים לְמַעְלָה כְּאִלּוּ הֵן מַיִם, וְיַחֲזֹר וְיִתֵּן לְמָטָּה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, יִשָּׁפְכוּ לָאַמָּה. וְאִם לֹא נִמְלַךְ וְנָתַן, כָּשֵׁר:
י. הַנִּתָּנִין מַתָּנָה אַחַת שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבוּ בַנִּתָּנִין בְּמַתָּנָה אַחַת, יִנָּתְנוּ מַתָּנָה אֶחָת. מַתַּן אַרְבַּע בְּמַתַּן אַרְבַּע, יִנָּתְנוּ בְּמַתַּן אַרְבַּע. מַתַּן אַרְבַּע בְּמַתָּנָה אַחַת, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יִנָּתְנוּ בְמַתַּן אַרְבַּע. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, יִנָּתְנוּ בְמַתָּנָה אֶחָת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, וַהֲרֵי הוּא עוֹבֵר עַל בַּל תִּגְרַע. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, וַהֲרֵי הוּא עוֹבֵר עַל בַּל תּוֹסִיף. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, לֹא נֶאֱמַר בַּל תּוֹסִיף אֶלָּא כְשֶׁהוּא בְעַצְמוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, לֹא נֶאֱמַר בַּל תִּגְרַע אֶלָּא כְשֶׁהוּא בְעַצְמוֹ. וְעוֹד אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, כְּשֶׁנָּתַתָּ, עָבַרְתָּ עַל בַּל תּוֹסִיף וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲשֶׂה בְיָדֶךָ. וּכְשֶׁלֹּא נָתַתָּ, עָבַרְתָּ עַל בַּל תִּגְרַע וְלֹא עָשִׂיתָ מַעֲשֶׂה בְיָדֶךָ:
יא. הַנִּתָּנִין בִּפְנִים שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבוּ עִם הַנִּתָּנִין בַּחוּץ, יִשָּׁפְכוּ לָאַמָּה. נָתַן בַּחוּץ וְחָזַר וְנָתַן בִּפְנִים, כָּשֵׁר. בִּפְנִים וְחָזַר וְנָתַן בַּחוּץ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא פוֹסֵל, וַחֲכָמִים מַכְשִׁירִים. שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַדָּמִים שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לְכַפֵּר בַּהֵיכָל, פְּסוּלִין. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, חַטָּאת בִּלְבָד. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַף הָאָשָׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ז) כַּחַטָּאת כָּאָשָׁם:
יב. חַטָּאת שֶׁקִּבֵּל דָּמָהּ בִּשְׁנֵי כוֹסוֹת, יָצָא אַחַד מֵהֶן לַחוּץ, הַפְּנִימִי כָּשֵׁר. נִכְנַס אַחַד מֵהֶן לִפְנִים, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי מַכְשִׁיר בַּחִיצוֹן, וַחֲכָמִים פּוֹסְלִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, מָה אִם בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁהַמַּחֲשָׁבָה פוֹסֶלֶת, בַּחוּץ, לֹא עָשָׂה אֶת הַמְשׁוֹאָר כַּיוֹצֵא, מְקוֹם שֶׁאֵין הַמַּחֲשָׁבָה פוֹסֶלֶת, בִּפְנִים, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁלֹּא נַעֲשֶׂה אֶת הַמְשׁוֹאָר כַּנִּכְנָס. נִכְנַס לְכַפֵּר, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא כִפֵּר, פָּסוּל, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, עַד שֶׁיְּכַפֵּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִם הִכְנִיס שׁוֹגֵג, כָּשֵׁר. כָּל הַדָּמִים הַפְּסוּלִין שֶׁנִּתְּנוּ עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, לֹא הִרְצָה הַצִּיץ אֶלָּא עַל הַטָּמֵא, שֶׁהַצִּיץ מְרַצֶּה עַל הַטָּמֵא, וְאֵינוֹ מְרַצֶּה עַל הַיּוֹצֵא:
1. All the offerings that were intermingled with animals from which deriving benefit is forbidden, e.g., sin offerings left to die, or with an ox that was sentenced to be stoned, even if the ratio is one in ten thousand, deriving benefit from them all is prohibited and they all must die. If the offerings were intermingled with animals whose sacrifice is forbidden but deriving benefit from them is not, the halakha is different. Examples of this are an ox with which a transgression was performed, which disqualifies it from being sacrificed as an offering, or an ox that is known to have killed a person based on the testimony of one witness or based on the admission of the owner. Had two witnesses testified, deriving benefit from the ox would have been prohibited. Additional examples include when an offering is intermingled with an animal that copulated with a person; or an animal that was the object of bestiality; or with an animal that was set aside for idol worship; or one that was worshipped as a deity; or with an animal that was given as payment to a prostitute or as the price of a dog, as it is written: “You shall not bring the payment of a harlot, or the price of a dog, into the house of the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 23:19). Additional examples include an offering that was intermingled with an animal born of a mixture of diverse kinds, e.g., the offspring of a ram and a goat, or with an animal with a wound that will cause it to die within twelve months [tereifa], or with an animal born by caesarean section. In all these cases the animals that are intermingled shall graze until they become unfit for sacrifice and then they shall be sold. And from the money received in the sale, the owner shall bring another offering of the monetary value of the highest-quality animal among them, of the same type of offering that the intermingled offering was. The mishna continues: If sacrificial animals were intermingled with unblemished, non-sacred animals, which, if consecrated, are fit for sacrifice, the non-sacred animals shall be sold for the purpose of purchasing offerings of the same type as the offering with which they were intermingled.
2. In a case where sacrificial animals were intermingled with other sacrificial animals, if it was an animal of one type of offering with animals of the same type of offering, one shall sacrifice this animal for the sake of whoever is its owner and one shall sacrifice that animal for the sake of whoever is its owner, and both fulfill their obligation. In a case where sacrificial animals were intermingled with other sacrificial animals, where an animal of one type of offering was intermingled with animals not of the same type of offering, e.g., two rams, where one is designated as a burnt offering and one as a peace offering, they shall graze until they become unfit for sacrifice and then they shall be sold. And from the money received in the sale, the owner shall bring another offering of the monetary value of the highest-quality animal among them as this type of offering, and another offering of the monetary value of the highest-quality animal among them as that type of offering, and he will lose the additional expense of purchasing two highest-quality animals, when he had sold only one highest-quality animal, from his own assets. In a case where sacrificial animals were intermingled with a firstborn offering or with an animal tithe offering, they shall graze until they become unfit for sacrifice and they shall both be eaten as a firstborn offering or as an animal tithe offering. All offerings can become indistinguishably intermingled with each other, except for a sin offering and a guilt offering, as the Gemara will explain.
3. In the case of a guilt offering that was intermingled with a peace offering, Rabbi Shimon says: Both of them should be slaughtered in the north of the Temple courtyard, as a guilt offering must be slaughtered in the north while a peace offering may be slaughtered anywhere in the courtyard. And they both must be eaten in accordance with the halakha of the more stringent of them, i.e., the guilt offering, with the following halakhot: They may be eaten only in the courtyard rather than throughout Jerusalem; by male priests and not by any ritually pure Jew; and on the day they were sacrificed and the following night, and not on the day they were sacrificed, the following day, and the intervening night. The Rabbis said to Rabbi Shimon: One may not limit the time of the consumption of an offering, as one may not bring sacrificial animals to the status of unfitness. According to Rabbi Shimon’s opinion, the peace offering becomes leftover, notar, the morning after it is sacrificed, and not at the end of that day, as is the halakha concerning peace offerings. Rather, the owner shall wait until these animals become blemished, redeem them, and bring an offering of each type that is worth the monetary value of the higher-quality animal among them. The mishna adds: Even according to the opinion of the Rabbis, if pieces of the meat of one offering were intermingled with pieces of the meat of another offering, e.g., meat from offerings of the most sacred order with meat from offerings of lesser sanctity; or if pieces of meat from offerings eaten for one day and the following night were intermingled with pieces of meat from offerings eaten for two days and one night, since in that case the remedy with regard to offerings that were intermingled cannot be implemented, they both must be eaten in accordance with the halakha of the more stringent of them.
4. In the case of the limbs of a sin offering, which are eaten by priests and may not be burned on the altar, that were intermingled with the limbs of a burnt offering, which are burned on the altar, Rabbi Eliezer says: The priest shall place all the limbs above, on the altar, and I view the flesh of the limbs of the sin offering above on the altar as though they are pieces of wood burned on the altar, and not as though they are an offering. And the Rabbis say: One should wait until the form of all the intermingled limbs decays and they will all go out to the place of burning in the Temple courtyard, where all disqualified offerings of the most sacred order are burned.
5. In a case where limbs of burnt offerings fit for sacrifice were intermingled with limbs of blemished burnt offerings, Rabbi Eliezer says: Although all the limbs are unfit for sacrifice, if the head of one of them was sacrificed all the heads shall be sacrificed, as the head that was sacrificed is assumed to have been that of the unfit animal in the mixture. Likewise, if one sacrificed the legs of one of them all the legs shall be sacrificed. And the Rabbis say: Even if all the limbs were sacrificed except for one of them, there is a concern that the remaining limb is the unfit limb, which may not be sacrificed. Rather, all of the limbs must go out to the place of burning in the Temple courtyard.
6. In the case of blood of an offering fit for sacrifice that was mixed with water, if the mixture has the appearance of blood it is fit for sprinkling on the altar, even though the majority of the mixture is water. If the blood was mixed with red wine, one views the wine as though it is water. If that amount of water would leave the mixture with the appearance of blood it is fit for presentation. And likewise if the blood was mixed with the blood of a non-sacred domesticated animal or the blood of a non-sacred undomesticated animal, one considers the non-sacred blood as though it is water. Rabbi Yehuda says: Blood does not nullify blood. Therefore, the priest presents the blood of the mixture on the altar.
7. If blood fit for presentation was mixed with the blood of unfit offerings, there is no remedy. Therefore, the entire mixture shall be poured into the drain running through the Temple courtyard. Likewise, if blood fit for presentation was mixed with blood of exudate, i.e., that exudes from the neck after the initial spurt following its slaughter concludes, which is unfit for presentation, the entire mixture shall be poured into the Temple courtyard drain. Rabbi Eliezer deems this mixture fit for presentation. Even according to the first tanna, if the priest did not consult the authorities and placed the blood on the altar, the offering is fit.
8. If the blood of unblemished offerings was mixed with the blood of blemished animals unfit for sacrifice, the entire mixture shall be poured into the Temple courtyard drain. This is the halakha when the fit and unfit blood were mixed in one vessel. By contrast, if a cup of the blood of a blemished offering was intermingled with cups of blood fit for offering and it is unclear which blood is in the cup, Rabbi Eliezer says: Although it is prohibited to present all the blood due to the uncertainty, if it happened that a priest already sacrificed, i.e., presented, one cup, the blood in all the other cups shall be sacrificed, as the blood that was presented is assumed to have come from the unfit cup in the mixture. And the Rabbis say: Even if the blood in all the cups was sacrificed except for one of them, the remaining blood shall be poured into the Temple courtyard drain.
9. With regard to blood that is to be placed below the red line circumscribing the altar, e.g., blood of a burnt offering, a guilt offering, or a peace offering, that was mixed with blood that is to be placed above the red line, e.g., blood of a sin offering, Rabbi Eliezer says: The priest shall initially place the blood of the mixture above the red line for the sake of the sin offering, and I view the blood that was to be placed below that was in fact placed above as though it is water, and the priest shall again place blood from the mixture below. And the Rabbis say: It shall all be poured into the Temple courtyard drain. Even according to the Rabbis, if the priest did not consult the authorities and placed the blood above the red line, the offering is fit, and he should then place the remaining blood below the red line.
10. In a case of the blood of an offering that is to be placed on the altar with one placement that was mixed with the blood of another offering that is to be placed on the altar with one placement, e.g., the blood of a firstborn offering with the blood of another firstborn offering or the blood of an animal tithe offering, the blood shall be placed with one placement. In a case of the blood of an offering that is to be placed on the altar with four placements that was mixed with the blood of another offering that is to be placed on the altar with four placements, e.g., the blood of a sin offering with that of another sin offering, or the blood of a burnt offering with that of a peace offering, the blood shall be placed with four placements. If the blood of an offering that is to be placed on the altar with four placements was mixed with the blood of an offering that is to be placed on the altar with one placement, Rabbi Eliezer says: The blood shall be placed with four placements. Rabbi Yehoshua says: The blood shall be placed with one placement, as the priest fulfills the requirement with one placement after the fact. Rabbi Eliezer said to Rabbi Yehoshua: According to your opinion, the priest violates the prohibition of: Do not diminish, as it is written: “All these matters that I command you, that you shall observe to do; you shall not add thereto, nor diminish from it” (Deuteronomy 13:1). One may not diminish the number of required placements from four to one. Rabbi Yehoshua said to Rabbi Eliezer: According to your opinion, the priest violates the prohibition of: Do not add, derived from the same verse. One may not add to the one required placement and place four. Rabbi Eliezer said to Rabbi Yehoshua: The prohibition of: Do not add, is stated only in a case where the blood is by itself, not when it is part of a mixture. Rabbi Yehoshua said to Rabbi Eliezer: Likewise, the prohibition of: Do not diminish, is stated only in a case where the blood is by itself. And Rabbi Yehoshua also said: When you placed four placements, you transgressed the prohibition of: Do not add, and you performed a direct action. When you did not place four placements but only one, although you transgressed the prohibition of: Do not diminish, you did not perform a direct action. An active transgression is more severe than a passive one.
11. Blood that is to be placed on three locations inside the Sanctuary, i.e., between the staves, on the Curtain, and on the golden altar, that was mixed with blood that is to be placed outside the Sanctuary on the external altar in the Temple courtyard, has no remedy, as one may not change the location of the placement of the blood of one to fulfill his obligation with the other type of blood. Therefore, all the blood shall be poured into the Temple courtyard drain. If the priest, on his own initiative, placed the mixture of blood outside the Sanctuary and again placed the mixture of blood inside the Sanctuary, the offering is fit. If the priest, on his own initiative, placed the mixture of blood inside the Sanctuary and again placed the mixture of blood outside the Sanctuary, Rabbi Akiva deems the blood placed outside disqualified, and the Rabbis deem it fit. As Rabbi Akiva says: Any blood that is to be presented outside that entered to atone in the Sanctuary is disqualified; but the Rabbis say: That is the halakha with regard to the blood of an external sin offering alone, as it is written: “And any sin offering, whereof any of the blood is brought into the Tent of Meeting to atone in the Sanctuary, shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 6:23). Rabbi Eliezer says: The status of a guilt offering is like that of a sin offering as well, as it is stated: “As is the sin offering, so is the guilt offering” (Leviticus 7:7), i.e., there is one halakha for them. That is not the case with regard to the blood of other offerings.
12. In the case of a sin offering whose blood placement is on the external altar whose blood the priest collected in two cups, if one of them left the Temple courtyard and was thereby disqualified, the cup that remained inside the courtyard is fit to be presented. If one of the cups entered inside the Sanctuary and was thereby disqualified, Rabbi Yosei HaGelili deems the blood in the cup that remained outside the Sanctuary, in the courtyard, fit to be presented, and the Rabbis deem it disqualified from being presented. Rabbi Yosei HaGelili said in support of his opinion: The halakha is that if one slaughters an offering with the intent that its blood be presented outside of the Temple courtyard, the offering is disqualified, but if his intention was that the blood be presented inside the Sanctuary, the offering is not disqualified. Just as in a case where part of the blood reached a place where the intent to present the blood there disqualifies the offering, i.e., outside the Temple courtyard, and yet when some of the blood is taken there it does not render the status of the remaining blood disqualified like that of blood that leaves the courtyard, so too, in a case where part of the blood reached a place where the intent to present the blood there does not disqualify the offering, i.e., inside the Sanctuary, is it not logical that we will not deem the status of the remaining blood like that of blood that entered the Sanctuary? The mishna continues: If all of the blood of a sin offering whose blood placement is on the external altar entered the Sanctuary to atone through sprinkling, despite the fact that the priest did not actually sprinkle the blood to atone, the offering is disqualified; this is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer. Rabbi Shimon says: The offering is disqualified only when he atones and sprinkles the blood in the Sanctuary. Rabbi Yehuda says: If he took the blood into the Sanctuary unwittingly, the blood remains fit to be presented. With regard to all the blood disqualified for presentation that was placed on the altar, the frontplate effects acceptance only for offerings sacrificed that are ritually impure. Although it is written with regard to the frontplate worn on the forehead of the High Priest: “And it shall be upon Aaron’s forehead, and Aaron shall bear the iniquity committed in the sacred matters” (Exodus 28:38), this does not apply to all disqualifications of offerings. This is because the frontplate effects acceptance for offerings sacri-ficed that are ritually impure but does not effect acceptance for offerings that leave the courtyard.
גמרא
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן כְּלֵי קדֶשׁ שֶׁנִּיקָבוּ אֵין מַתִּיכִין אוֹתָם וְאֵין מַתִּיכִין לְתוֹכָן אָבָר נִפְגָּמוּ אֵין מְתַקְּנִין אוֹתָן. סַכִּין שֶׁנִּפְגַּם אֵין מַשְׁחִיזִין אֶת פְּגִימָתָהּ נִשְׁמְטָה אֵין מַחֲזִירִין אוֹתָהּ. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר סַכִּין מַטְרֶפֶת הָיְתָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ וְנִמְנוּ עָלֶיהָ כֹּהֲנִים וּגְנָזוּהָ. תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן בִּגְדֵי כְהוּנָה אֵין עוֹשִׂין אוֹתָן מַעֲשֵׂה מַחַט אֶלָּא מַעֲשֵׂה אוֹרֵג שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל''ט) מַעֲשֵׂה אוֹרֵג. נִתְגָּעֲלוּ אֵין מְכַבְּסִין לֹא בְנֶתֶר וְלֹא בְאָהָל. הָא בְּמַיִם מְכַבְּסִין. אָמַר אַבַּיֵּי הָכִי קָאֳמַר הוּגְעוּ לְמַיִם מְכַבְּסִין אוֹתָן בְּנֶתֶר וְאָהָל. הוּגְעוּ לְנֶתֶר וְאָהָל אַף בַּמַּיִם אֵין מְכַבְּסִין. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים אֵין מְכַבְּסִין אוֹתָן כָּל עִיקָר שֶׁאֵין עֲנִיּוּת בִּמְקוֹם עֲשִׁירוּת: תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן מְעִיל כֻּלּוֹ שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת הָיָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם) וַיַּעַשׂ אֶת מְעִיל הָאֵפוֹד כְּלִיל תְּכֵלֶת. שׁוּלָיו כֵּיצַד מֵבִיא תְּכֵלֶת וְאַרְגָּמָן וְתוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי שְׁזוּרִין וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן כְּמִין רִמּוֹנִים שֶׁלֹּא פָתְחוּ פִּיהֶן וּכְמִין קוֹנְאוֹת שֶׁל קֵנְסוֹת שֶׁבְּרָאשֵׁי תִּינוֹקוֹת וּמֵבִיא שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם זַגִּין שֶׁבָּהֶן שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם עִנְבְּלִין וְתוֹלֶה בָּהֵן שְׁלשִׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה בְּצַד זֶה ושְׁלשִׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה בְּצַד זֶה. רִבִּי דוֹסָא אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רִבִּי יְהוּדָה שְׁלשִׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה הָיוּ שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר מִצַד זֶה ושְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר מִצַד זֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי עֲנָנִי בַּר שָׂשׂוֹן כְּמַחֲלוֹקֶת כָּאן כָּךְ מַחֲלוֹקֶת בְּמַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים דִּתְנַן מַרְאוֹת נְגָעִים רִבִּי דוֹסָא בֶּן הָרְכִּינַס אוֹמֵר שְׁלשִׁים וְשִׁשָּׁה עֲקַבְיָא בֶּן מַהֲלַלְאֵל אוֹמֵר שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם:
§ With regard to perforated vessels, the Sages taught: In the case of sacred vessels that were perforated, one may not melt them in order to seal the perforation, and one may not melt lead into them for such a purpose. If the vessels were damaged, one may not repair them. Concerning a knife that was damaged, one may not sharpen the spot of its damage. If the blade separated from the handle, one may not restore it. Abba Shaul says: There was a certain knife in the Temple whose metal was soft and easily damaged, such that when used it would often render animals prohibited, thereby disqualifying them. Accordingly, the priests voted concerning it, and elected to hide it.
The Sages taught: Priestly vestments are not fashioned by needlework, i.e., by stitching various parts together, but rather through woven work, whereby the entire garment is initially woven into one entity, as it is stated: “Woven work” (Exodus 28:32). If the garments were soiled one may not launder them, neither with natron nor with soap, two common detergents.
The Gemara asks: But may it be inferred from this that with water one may launder the priestly vestments? Abaye said: This is what the baraita is saying: If the dirtied garments have only reached the point where laundering them with water alone would suffice, one may launder them with natron and soap, as they are not considered soiled.
But if the garments became so dirty that they reached a point that laundering them would require the use of natron or soap, then one may not launder them, even with water. And some say: One may not launder the priestly vestments at all, even if laundering them with water would suffice, because there is no poverty in a place of wealth, i.e., only priestly vestments that were clean as new should be worn, as is befitting the Temple service, and those that were laundered should not be worn.
§ With regard to the priestly vestments, the Sages taught in a baraita: The robe of the High Priest was sewn entirely of sky-blue wool, as it is stated: “And he made the robe of the ephod of woven work, all of sky-blue wool” (Exodus 39:22). With regard to its skirts, concerning which it states: “And they made upon the skirts of the robe pomegranates of sky blue, and purple, and scarlet, twined” (Exodus 39:24), how were they fashioned? The tailor brings sky-blue wool, and purple wool, and scarlet wool, which are twined together, and fashions them to appear as pomegranates that have not opened their mouths, i.e., they are sewn in the appearance of pomegranates that are not yet ripe enough for the crown on top to open, and as the cones [konaot] of the helmets [kenasot] that are found on the heads of children.
And in order to fulfill that which is stated: “And they made bells of pure gold, and put the bells between the pomegranates” (Exodus 39:25), he brings seventy-two bells, i.e., the outer part of bells, made from gold, that contain inside them seventy-two bell clappers, and he suspends them on the skirts: Thirty-six of each, i.e., pomegranates and bells, on this side of the robe, and thirty-six of each on that side, as the verse states: “A bell and a pomegranate, a bell and a pomegranate, upon the skirts of the robe around it” (Exodus 39:26). Rabbi Dosa says in the name of Rabbi Yehuda: There were thirty-six bells suspended around the skirt, eighteen from this side and eighteen from that side.
Rabbi Inini bar Sason says: Just as there is a disagreement here between tanna’im with regard to the total number of bells suspended around the skirt of the robe of the High Priest, so is there a disagreement between tanna’im with regard to the total number of shades of leprous marks. As we learned in a mishna (Nega’im 1:4): With regard to the total number of shades of leprous marks, Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas says: There are thirty-six, while Akavya ben Mahalalel says: There are seventy-two.
זוהר
פָּתַח רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְאָמַר (שם ל''ב) אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי מִצַר תִּצְרֵנִי רָנֵי פַלֵּט תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי סֶלָה אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי דָּא קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא דְּאִיהוּ סִתְרָא וּמָגֵן לִבְנֵי נְשָׁא דְּאָזִיל בְּאָרְחֵי דְּאוֹרַיְתָא וְאִיהוּ אִסְתַּתַּר בְּצִלָּא דְּגַדְּפוֹי דְּלָא יָכְלִין לַאֲבְאָשָׁא לֵיהּ, מִצַר תִּצְרֵנִי, מֵעֵילָא וּמִתַּתָּא, לְעֵילָא אִית לֵיהּ לְבַר נַשׁ מָארֵי דְּבָבוּ, לְתַתָּא אוֹף הָכִי נַמֵּי וּמַאן אִיהוּ דָּא יֵצֶר הָרַע דְּאִיהוּ צָר לְעֵילָא וְצָר לְתַתָּא, וְאִלְמָלֵא יֵצֶר הָרַע לָא אִשְׁתַּכַּח מָארֵי דְּבָבוּ לִבְנֵי נְשָׁא בְּעָלְמָא בְּגִין כָּךְ מִצַר תִּצְרֵנִי, רָנֵי פַלֵּט תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי סֶלָה, יְסוֹבְבֵנִי סֶלָה מִבְּעֵי לֵיהּ מַאי תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי אִלֵּין אִנּוּן שִׁירִין דְּאִית בְּהוּ דַּרְגִין לְהַצָלָה, תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי בְּהוּ לְשֵׁזָבָא לִי בְּאָרְחָא וְהַאי קְרָא אִיהוּ כְּסִדְרָא וְאִיהוּ לְמַפְרֵעַ מֵהַאי גִּיסָא וּמֵהַאי גִּיסָא, תָּא חֲזֵי בְּאִלֵּין שִׁירִין וְתוּשְׁבְּחָן דְּקָאָמַר דָּוִד אִית בְּהוֹן רָזִין וּמִלִּין עִלָּאִין בְּרָזֵי דְּחָכְמָתָא בְּגִין דְּכֻלְּהוּ בְּרוּחַ קוּדְשָׁא אִתְאֲמָרוּ דַּהֲוָה שָׁרָא רוּחַ קוּדְשָׁא עֲלֵיהּ דְּדָוִד וַהֲוָה אָמַר שִׁירָתָא וּבְגִין כָּךְ כֻּלְּהוּ בְּרָזֵי דְּחָכְמָתָא אִתְאֲמָרוּ, פָּתַח רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְאָמַר (תהלים קי''ח) דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפּוֹל וַיְיָ עֲזָרָנִי, דָּחֹה דְּחִיתָנִי, דָּחֹה דָּחוּנִי מִבְּעֵי לֵיהּ מַאי דָּחֹה דְּחִיתָנִי אֶלָּא דָּא סִטְרָא אָחֳרָא דְּדַחְיָא לֵיהּ לְבַר נַשׁ תָּדִיר וּבָעֵי לְדַחְיָא לֵיהּ וּלְאַסְטָאָה לֵיהּ מֵעִם קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וְדָא הוּא יֵצֶר הָרַע דְּאִשְׁתַּכַּח לְגַבֵּיהּ דְּבַר נַשׁ תָּדִיר וּלְקִבְלֵיהּ אַהֲדַר דָּוִד וְאָמַר דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפּוֹל בְּגִין דְּאִיהוּ הַוָּה אִשְׁתַּדַּל לְגַבֵּיהּ בְּכָל אִנּוּן עַקְּתִין לְאַסְטָאָה לֵיהּ מֵעִם קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וַעֲלֵיהּ אָמַר דָּוִד דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפּוֹל בַּגֵּיהִנָּם, וַיְיָ עֲזָרָנִי דְּלָא אִתְמַסַרְנָא בְּיָדָךְ, וְעַל דָּא אִית לֵיהּ לְבַר נַשׁ לְאִזְדַּהָרָא מִנֵּיהּ בְּגִין דְּלָא יִשְׁלוֹט עֲלֵיהּ, וְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא כְּדֵין נָטִיר לֵיהּ בְּכָל אָרְחוֹי דִּכְתִיב (משלי ג') אָז תֵּלֶךְ לָבֶטַח דַּרְכְּךָ וְרַגְלְךָ לֹא תִגּוֹף, (שם ד') בְּלֶכְתְּךָ לֹא יֵצַר צַעֲדְךָ וְאִם תָּרוּץ לֹא תִכָּשֵׁל, וּכְתִיב (שם) וְאֹרַח צַדִּיקִים כְּאוֹר נֹגַהּ הוֹלֵךְ וָאוֹר עַד נְכוֹן הַיּוֹם, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה זַכָּאִין אִנּוּן יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא נָטִיר לוֹן בְּעָלְמָא דֵּין וּבְעָלְמָא דְּאָתֵי דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ס') וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִרְשׁוּ אָרֶץ, בָּרוּךְ יְיָ לְעוֹלָם אָמֵן וְאָמֵן:
פָּתַח רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְאָמַר, (שם ל''ב) אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי מִצַר וְגוֹ' אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁהוּא סֵתֶר וּמָגֵן לָאָדָם הַהוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ הַתּוֹרָה, וְהוּא מִסְתַּתֵּר בְּצֵל כְּנָפָיו, שֶׁלֹּא יוּכְלוּ לְהָרַע לוֹ, שׁוֹאֵל אִם כֵּן מִצַר תִּצְרֵנִי לָמָּה לִי, כִּי הוּא אוֹתוֹ הַדָּבָר כְּמוֹ אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי. וּמֵשִׁיב, מִלְּמַעְלָה וּמִלְּמַטָּה. מִלְּמַעְלָה יֵשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם שׂוֹנְאִים, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר אַתָּה סֵתֶר לִי, וּמִלְּמַטָּה גַּם כֵּן, וּמִי הוּא, זֶהוּ הַיֵּצֶר הָרַע, וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר מִצַר תִּצְרֵנִי. וְהוּא צָר לְמַעְלָה וְצָר לְמַטָּה, רָנֵי פַלֵּט תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי סֶלָה. שׁוֹאֵל, יְסוֹבְבֵנִי סֶלָה הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמָר, דְּהַיְנוּ לָשׁוֹן נִסְתָּר, שֶׁהֲרֵי תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי, סוֹבֵב עַל רָנֵי פַלֵּט. וְלָמָּה אוֹמֵר תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי שֶׁהוּא לָשׁוֹן נוֹכַח, וּמֵשִׁיב, שֶׁפֵּרוּשׁוֹ הוּא, אֵלּוּ הַשִּׁירִים שֶׁיֵשׁ בָּהֶם מַדְרֵגוֹת לְהַצָלָה תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי בָּהֶם לְהַצִילֵנִי בַּדֶּרֶךְ. וּלְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי. וּמִקְרָא זֶה אֶפְשָׁר לְקָרְאוֹ כְּסִדְרוֹ, וְאֶפְשָׁר לְקָרְאוֹ לְמַפְרֵעַ, דְּהַיְנוּ, סֶלָה תְּסוֹבְבֵנִי פַּלֵּט רָנֵי תִּצְרֵנִי מִצַר לִי סֵתֶר אַתָּה מִצַד זֶה וּמִצַד זֶה. בֹּא וּרְאֵה, בְּאֵלּוּ שִׁירוֹת וְתִשְׁבָּחוֹת שֶׁאָמַר דָּוִד, יֵשׁ בָּהֶם סוֹדוֹת, וּדְבָרִים עֶלְיוֹנִים בְּסוֹדוֹת הַחָכְמָה. מִשּׁוּם שֶׁכֻּלָּם נֶאֱמְרוּ בְּרוּחַ הַקֹדֶשׁ, שֶׁרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ הָיָה שׁוֹרֶה עַל דָּוִד וְאָמַר שִׁירָה. וְעַל כֵּן כֻּלָּם בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ נֶאֱמְרוּ. פָּתַח רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְאָמַר, דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפֹּל וַה' עֲזָרָנִי, וְשׁוֹאֵל, כָּתוּב, דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי, דָּחֹה דָּחוּנִי הָיָה צָרִיךְ לִכְתּוֹב, מַהוּ דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי. שֶׁהֲרֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא דָּחָה אוֹתוֹ, אֶלָּא הַשּׂוֹנְאִים. וּמֵשִׁיב, אֶלָּא זֶה הַסִּטְרָא אַחֲרָא, הַדּוֹחֶה הָאָדָם תָּמִיד, וְרוֹצֶה לִדְחוֹתוֹ וּלְהַשְּׂטוֹתוֹ מֵעִם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְזֶהוּ הַיֵּצֶר הָרַע הַנִּמְצָא עִם הָאָדָם תָּמִיד, וְאֵלָיו חָזַר דָּוִד וְאָמַר דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפּוֹל, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהוּא הָיָה מַסִּיתוֹ בְּכָל אֵלּוּ הַצָרוֹת שֶׁבָּאוּ עָלָיו, לְהַשְּׂטוֹת אוֹתוֹ מֵעִם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְעָלָיו אָמַר דָּוִד דָּחֹה דְּחִיתַנִי לִנְפּוֹל, בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם, וַה' עֲזָרָנִי, שֶׁלֹּא נִמְסַרְתִּי בְּיָדְךְ. וְעַל כֵּן יֵשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם לְהִזָּהֵר מִמֶּנּוּ, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁלוֹט בּוֹ, וְאָז הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׁוֹמֵר אוֹתוֹ בְּכָל דְּרָכָיו. שֶׁכָּתוּב אָז תֵּלֶךְ לָבֶטַח דַּרְכְּךְ וְרַגְלְךְ לֹא תִגּוֹף, בְּלֶכְתְּךְ לֹא יָצֵר צַעֲדְךְ וְגוֹ'. וּכְתִיב וְאוֹרַח צַדִּיקִים כְּאוֹר נֹגַהּ וְגוֹ'. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אַשְׁרֵיהֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׁוֹמֵר אוֹתָם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וּבָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. שֶׁכָּתוּב וְעַמֵּךְ כֻּלָּם צַדִּיקִים לְעוֹלָם יִרְשׁוּ אָרֶץ. בָּרוּךְ ה' לְעוֹלָם אָמֵן וְאָמֵן.
הלכה פסוקה
א. כָּל תַּלְמִיד שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעַ לְהוֹרָאָה וּמוֹרֶה הֲרֵי זֶה רָשָׁע שׁוֹטֶה וְגַס רוּחַ וְעָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (משלי ז') כִּי רַבִּים חֲלָלִים הִפִּילָה. וְכֵן חָכָם שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְהוֹרָאָה וְאֵינוֹ מוֹרֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹנֵעַ תּוֹרָה וְנוֹתֵן מִכְשׁוֹלוֹת לִפְנֵי הָעִוְרִים וְעָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (שם) וַעֲצוּמִים כָּל הֲרוּגֶיהָ. אֵלּוּ הַתַּלְמִידִים הַקְּטַנִּים שֶׁלֹא הִרְבּוּ תּוֹרָה כָּרָאוּי וְהֵם מְבַקְשִׁים לְהִתְגַּדֵּל בִּפְנֵי עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ וּבֵין אַנְשֵׁי עִירָם וְקוֹפְצִין וְיוֹשְׁבִין בְּרֹאשׁ לָדִין וּלְהוֹרוֹת בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם הַמַּרְבִּים הַמַּחֲלוֹקוֹת וְהֵם הַמַּחֲרִיבִים אֶת הָעוֹלָם וְהַמְכַבִּין נֵרָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וְהַמְחַבְּלִים כֶּרֶם ה' צְבָאוֹת עֲלֵיהֶם אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה בְּחָכְמָתוֹ (שה''ש כ') אֶחֱזוּ לָנוּ שׁוּעָלִים שׁוּעָלִים קְטַנִים מְחַבְּלִים כְּרָמִים:
ב. וְאָסוּר לוֹ לְתַלְמִיד לִקְרוֹת לְרַבּוֹ בִּשְׁמוֹ וַאֲפִילוּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו וְהוּא שֶׁיִהְיֶה הַשֵּׁם פִּלְאִי שֶׁכָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ יֵדַע שֶׁהוּא פְּלוֹנִי וְלֹא יַזְכִּיר שְׁמוֹ בְּפָנָיו וַאֲפִילוּ לִקְרוֹת לַאֲחֵרִים שֶׁשְּׁמָם כְּשֵׁם רַבּוֹ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה בְּשֵׁם אָבִיו אֶלָּא יְשַׁנֶּה אֶת שְׁמָם אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר מוֹתָם. וְלֹא יִתֵּן שָׁלוֹם לְרַבּוֹ אוֹ יַחֲזִיר לוֹ שָׁלוֹם כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁנּוֹתְנִים לְרֵיעִים וּמַחֲזִירִים זֶה לָזֶה אֶלָּא שׁוֹחֶה לְפָנָיו וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ בְּיִרְאָה וְכָבוֹד שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רִבִּי וְאִם נָתַן לוֹ רַבּוֹ שָׁלוֹם יַחֲזִיר לוֹ שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי וּמוֹרִי:
ג. וְכֵן לֹא יַחְלוֹץ תְּפִלָּיו בִּפְנֵי רַבּוֹ וְלֹא יֵסֵב אֶלָּא יוֹשֵׁב כְּיוֹשֵׁב לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ. וְלֹא יִתְפַּלֵּל לֹא לִפְנֵי רַבּוֹ וְלֹא לְאַחַר רַבּוֹ וְלֹא בְּצַד רַבּוֹ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁאָסוּר לוֹ לְהַלֵּךְ בְּצִדּוֹ אֶלָּא יִתְרַחֵק לְאַחַר רַבּוֹ וְלֹא יְהֵא מְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגֶד אֲחוֹרָיו וְאַחַר כַּךְ יִתְפַּלֵּל. וְלֹא יִכָּנֵס עִם רַבּוֹ בַּמֶרְחָץ. וְלֹא יֵשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹם רַבּוֹ. וְלֹא יַכְרִיעַ דְבָרָיו בְּפָנָיו. וְלֹא יִסְתּוֹר אֶת דְּבָרָיו. וְלֹא יֵשֵׁב לְפָנָיו עַד שֶׁיֹּאמַר לוֹ שֵׁב. וְלֹא יַעֲמוֹד מִלְּפָנָיו עַד שֶׁיֹּאמַר לוֹ עֲמוֹד אוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּטּוֹל רְשׁוּת לַעֲמוֹד. וּכְשֶׁיִּפָּטֵר מֵרַבּוֹ לֹא יַחֲזִיר לוֹ אֲחוֹרָיו אֶלָּא נִרְתַּע לַאֲחוֹרָיו וּפָנָיו כְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו:
A student who did not attain judicial rank but renders decisions behold him, he is a wicked, arrogant fool, of whom it is said: "For she hath cast down many wounded" (Prov. 7.26). Likewise a sage who attained judicial rank but does not render decisions, behold him, he is withholding the Torah, and distributes obstacles in the path of the blind, concerning whom it is said: "Yea, many strong men have been slain by her" (Ibid.). Those petty students who have not increased their knowledge of the Torah as they should and yet are seeking to appear great before the ignorant, and among their towns-people, jumping forward to occupy a front seat to judge and instruct among Israel, are the ones who multiply strife, and the ones who destroy the world, who extinguish the light of the Torah, and despoil the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts, concerning whom Solomon in his wisdom said: "Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vineyards". (Song of Songs, 2.15.).4Abodah Zarah, 22b; Sotah, 19a.
A student is forbidden to call his master by name even out of his presence, provided the name be of note that whosoever hears it will know that it is he; neither should he mention his name in his presence, nor even call others whose name are identical with the name of his master, even as one does with respect to the name of his father; but he should always refer to them with a pseudonym even after their demise. He must not salute his master or return salutation in a manner companions give and return among themselves. The manner to salute a master is to bow before him and say to him in tones of awe and respect: "Peace be unto thee, my master!" If his master saluted him first, he should answer him: "Peace be unto thee, my lord and my teacher.5Sanhedrin, 100a; Kiddushin, 31b and 32a; Berakot, 28b. C. G.
So should he not remove his phylacteries in the presence of his master, and not lean but sit as if he were sitting in the presence of a king. He should not pray in front of his master, back of his master, or by the side of his master; needless to say, that he is forbidden to walk beside him. But he should distance himself behind his master, yet not straight back of him, when after he may pray. He should not enter a bath-house together with his master, and not sit in his master's place, and neither decide an argument in his favor when he is present nor destroy his argument. He should not sit in his presence until he will tell him to sit down, nor stand up before him until he will tell him to stand up or until he will obtain permission to stand up. When he is to take leave from his master he should not turn around with his back to his master, but step backwards, his face toward his master's face.6Sanhedrin, 101b; Pesahim, 51a; Kiddushin, 31b; Yoma, 53a; Berakot, 28b. C. G.
מוסר
ספר צידה לדרך דף ר"ו ע"ב
צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּקַבֵּל הַכְנָעָה גְדוֹלָה לִפְנֵי הַבּוֹרֵא וְלִפְנֵי עֲבָדָיו וְאוֹהֲבָיו וְשֶׁיַּעֲבוֹד לוֹ בְּדִבּוּר וּבְמַעֲשֶׂה. וְשֶׁיִּירָא מַמָשׁ בְּכָל זְמַן לְפִי שֶׁהוּא לְפָנָיו תָּמִיד וְאֵין דָּבָר נִסְתָּר מִמֶּנּוּ. וִישַׁבֵּחַ אוֹתוֹ לֵילוֹ וְיוֹמוֹ וְיִזְכּוֹר טוֹבָתוֹ עִמּוֹ בְּסֵתֶר וּבַגָּלוּי וְיָרוּץ לַעֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְטוּב לֵבָב. וְיִתְחַנֶן לוֹ תָּמִיד לְרַצוֹתוֹ וּלְהִתְחַנֵּן לְפָנָיו וּלְבַקֵּשׁ מְחִילָה עַל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו וְיָשִׁיב אֶל לִבּוֹ מַה שֶׁעָבַר עָלָיו מִן הָעֲוֹנוֹת שֶׁחָטָא לְפָנָיו. וְכֵן יָשִׁיב אֶל לִבּוֹ הַטּוֹבוֹת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לוֹ כָּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו וְהוּא מוֹרֵד בּוֹ וְיוֹדֶה וְיַכִּיר קַטְנוּת מַעֲלוֹתָיו וּפְחִיתוּתוֹ וְגוֹדֶל כְּבוֹד יוֹצְרוֹ וְעוֹצֶם גְּבוּרָתוֹ וְיַרְבֶּה לְהִשְׁתַּחֲווֹת לְפָנָיו בִּכְנִיעָה וְשִׁפְלוּת וְיוֹדֶה עַל כָּל הַבָּא עָלָיו. כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה נָחוּם אִישׁ גַּם זוּ עַל כָּל הַקּוֹרוֹת הַמּוֹצְאוֹת אוֹתוֹ. וְאָמְרוּ הַקַּדְמוֹנִים כִּי אֶחָד רָאָה לְחָסִיד מֻכֶּה בְּרַגְלוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי חָס עַל הַמַּכָּה אֲשֶׁר בְּרַגְלָךְ וְאָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי מַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לְיוֹצְרִי שֶׁלֹּא נְתָנָהּ בְּעֵינַי: