List of Abbreviations.
a. = and.
a. e. = and elsewhere.
a. fr. = and frequently.
a. l. = ad locum.
a. v. fr. = and very frequently.
Ab. = Aboth (Mishnah).
Ab. d’R. N. = Aboth d’Rabbi Nathan (a late Talmudic treatise).
Ab. Zar. = Abodah Zarah (Talmud).
abbrev. = abbreviated or abbreviation.
add. = additamenta (Hosafah to Pesik. R.)
adj. = adjective.
adv. = adverb.
Ag. Hatt. = Agadoth hat-Torah (quoted in Rabbinowicz Variæ Lectiones).
Alf. = Alfasi (Hilkhoth Rabbenu Alfasi).
Am. = Amos.
Ar. = Arukh (Talmudic Lexicon by R. Nathan Romi).
Ar. Compl. = Arukh Completum ed. Alexander Kohut, Vienna 1878-85.
Arakh. = Arakhin (Talmud).
art. = article.
B. Bath. = Baba Bathra (Talmud), v. Kel.
b. h. = Biblical Hebrew.
B. Kam. = Baba Ḳamma (Talmud), v. Kel.
B. Mets. = Baba M’tsiʿa (Talmud), v. Kel.
B. N. = Beth Nathan (quoted in Rabbinowicz Variæ Lectiones).
Bab. = Babli (Babylonian Talmud).
Bart. = Bartenora, Bertinora (commentary to Mishnah).
beg. = beginning.
Beitr. = Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, by Michael Sachs, Berlin 1852—54, 2 vols, v. Berl. a. Hildesh.
Bekh. = B’khoroth (Talmud).
Ber. = B’rakhoth (Talmud).
Berl. = Berliner (editor of Targum Onkelos).
Berl. Beitr. = Berliner Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnographie Babyloniens, Berlin 1884.
Bets. = Betsah (Talmud).
B’ḥuck. = B’ḥuḳḳothay (a pericope).
Bicc. = Biccurim, Bikkurim (Mishnah and Tosefta).
bot. = bottom of page.
B’resh. = B’reshith (name of a pericope).
B’shall. = B’shallaḥ (name of a pericope).
c. = common gender.
Cant. = Canticum (Song of Songs).
Cant. R. = Canticum Rabbah (Midrash Shir hash-Shirim or Ḥazitha).
ch. = Chaldaic.
Ch. = Chaldaic.
Chron. = Chronicles, Book of.
cmp. = compare (mostly referring to association of ideas).
comment. = commentary or commentaries.
comp. = compound or composed.
contr. = contracted or contraction.
contrad. = contradistinguished.
corr. = correct.`
corr. acc. = correct accordingly.
corrupt. = corruption.
Curt. Griech. Etym. = Curtius Griechische Etymologie.
Dan. = Daniel, Book of.
Darkhe Mish. = Frankel, Hodegetica in Mishnam, Leipzig 1859 (Hebrew).
def. = defining or definition.
Del. = Delitzsch, Friedrich.
Del. Assyr. Handw. = Delitzsch Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, Leipzig 1896.
Del. Proleg. = Delitzsch Prolegomena eines neuen Hebräisch-Aramäischen Wörterbuchs &c.
Dem. = D’mai (Mishnah, Tosefta a. Y’rushalmi).
denom. = denominative.
Der. Er. = Derekh Erets (Ethics, a late Talmudic treatise, Rabbah [the great], Zuṭa [the small]).
Deut. = Deuteronomy, Book of.
Deut. R. = Deuteronomy Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Deut.).
diff. = different interpretation or differently interpreted.
differ. = different interpretation or differently interpreted.
dimin. = diminutive.
Du. = Dual.
ed. = edition or editions (current editions, opposed to manuscripts or especially quoted editions).
Ed. = Eduyoth (Mishnah and Tosefta).
ellipt. = elliptically.
Erub. = Erubin (Talmud).
esp. = especially.
Esth. = Esther, Book of.
Esth. R. = Esther Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Esther).
Ex. = Exodus, Book of.
Ex. R. = Exodus Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Sh’moth).
expl. = explained.
explan. = explanation.
Ez. = Ezekiel, Book of.
Fl. = Fleisher, appendix to Levy’s Targumic or Talmudic Lexicon.
foreg. = foregoing.
fr. = from.
freq. = frequently.
Fr. = Friedman (edition).
Frank. = Frankel, v. Darkhe, and M’bo.
Gem. = G’mara.
Gen. = Genesis, Book of.
gen. of = genitive of.
Gen. R. = Genesis Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to B’reshith).
Ges. H. Dict. = Gesenius Hebrew Dictionary, 8 th German edition.
Gitt. = Giṭṭin.
Gloss. = Glossary.
Hab. = Habakkuk, Book of.
Hag. = Haggai, Book of.
Ḥag. = Ḥăgigah (Talmud).
Ḥall. = Ḥallah (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y’rushalmi).
Hif. = Hifil.
Hildesh. Beitr. = Hildesheimer Beiträge zur Geographie Palestinas, Berlin 1886.
Hithpa. = Hithpaël.
Hithpo. = Hithpolel.
Hor. = Horayoth (Talmud).
Hos. = Hosea, Book of.
Ḥuck. = Ḥuḳḳath (a pericope).
Ḥull. = Ḥullin (Talmud).
intens. = intensive.
introd. = introduction (פתיחתא).
Is. = Isaiah, Book of.
Isp. = Ispeel.
Ithpa. = Ithpaal.
Ithpe. = Ithpeel.
Jer. = Jeremiah, Book of.
Jon. = Jonah.
Jos. = Josephus.
Josh. = Joshua, Book of.
Jud. = Judices, Book of Judges.
K.A.T. = Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament by Schrader (second edition), Giessen 1883.
KAT = Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament by Schrader (second edition), Giessen 1883.
Kel. = Kelim (Mishnah and Tosefta, the latter divided into Baba Ḳamma, M’tsiʿa, and Bathra).
Ker. = K’rithoth (Talmud).
Keth. = K’thuboth (Talmud).
Kidd. = Ḳiddushin (Talmud).
Kil. = Kilayim (Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Y’rushalmi).
Kin. = Ḳinnim (Mishnah).
Koh. = Koheleth, Book of Ecclesiastes.
Koh. Ar. Compl. = Kohut in Aruch Completum.
Koh. R. = Koheleth Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Ecclesiastes).
l. c. = loco citato or locum citatum.
Lam. = Lamentations, Book of.
Lam. R. = Lamentations Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Lam.; Ekhah Rabbathi).
Lev. = Leviticus, Book of.
Lev. R. = Leviticus Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Leviticus, Vayyiḳra Rabbah).
M. Kat. = Moʿed Ḳaṭon (Talmud).
Maas. Sh. = Maʿǎser Sheni (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud Y’rushalmi).
Maasr. = Maʿasroth (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud Y’rushalmi).
Macc. = Maccoth, Makkoth (Talmud).
Maim. = Maimonides.
Makhsh. = Makhshirin (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Mal. = Malachi, Book of.
marg. vers. = marginal version.
Mass. = Massekheth (Treatise).
Mat. K. = Matt’noth K’hunnah (commentary to Midrash Rabbah).
M’bo = Frankel, Introductio in Talmud Hierosolymitanum. Breslau 1870 (Hebrew).
Meg. = M’gillah (Talmud).
Meil. = M’ʿilah (Talmud).
Mekh. = M’khilta (a Midrash to portions of Exodus).
Men. = M’naḥoth (Talmud).
Mic. = Micah, Book of.
Midd. = Middoth (Mishnah).
Midr. = Midrash.
Midr. Sam. = Midrash Samuel.
Midr. Till. = Midrash Tillim (Midrash to Psalms, Shoḥer Ṭob).
Mikv. = Miḳvaoth (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Mish. = Mishnah.
Mish. N. or Nap. = Mishnah, editio Napolis.
Mish. Pes. = Mishnah, editio Pesaro.
Mishp. = Mishpaṭim (name of a pericope).
Ms. = Manuscript.
Ms. F. = Manuscript Florence.
Ms. H. = Manuscript Hamburg.
Ms. K. = Manuscript Karlsruhe.
Ms. M. = Manuscript Munich.
Ms. O. = Manuscript Oxford.
Ms. R. = Manuscript Rome.
Mus. = Musafia (additamenta to Arukh).
Nah. = Nahum, Book of.
Naz. = Nazir (Talmud).
Neg. = N’gaʿim (Mishnah and Tosefta, also a subdivision in Sifra).
Neh. = Nehemiah, Book of.
Neub. Géogr. = Neubauer Géographie du Talmud, Paris 1868.
Ned. = N’darim (Talmud).
Nidd. = Niddah (Talmud).
Nif. = Nifal.
Nithpa. = Nithpaël.
Num. = Numeri, Book of (Numbers).
Num. R. = Numeri Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Numbers, B’midbar Rabbah).
Ob. = Obadiah, Book of.
Ohol. = Ohŏloth (Ahiloth, Mishnah and Tosefta).
onomatop. = onomatopoetic.
opin. = opinion.
opp. = opposed.
Orl. = ʿOrlah (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y’rushalmi).
oth. = other, another, others.
P. Sm. = Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus.
Par. = Parah (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Par. = Parashah, referring to Sifra.
part. = participle.
Perl. Et. St. = Perles Etymologische Studien, Breslau 1871.
pers. pron. = personal pronoun.
Pes. = P’saḥim (Talmud).
Pesik. = P’siḳta d’R. Kahăna, ed. Buber.
Pesik. R. = P’siḳta Rabbathi (ed. Friedman).
Pesik. Zutr. = P’siḳta Zuṭrathi, ed. Buber.
Pfl. = Löw, Aramäische Pflanzennamen, Leipzig 1881.
phraseol. = phraseology.
Pi. = Piël.
pl. = plural.
Pl. = plural.
pr. n. = proper noun.
pr. n. f. = proper noun of a female person.
pr. n. m. = proper noun of a male person.
pr. n. pl. = proper noun of a place.
preced. = preceding.
preced. art. = preceding article.
preced. w. = preceding word.
prep. = preposition.
prob. = probably.
pron. = pronoun.
prop. = properly.
prov. = a proverb.
Prov. = Proverbs, Book of.
Ps. = Psalms, Book of.
q. v. = quod vide.
r. = root or radix.
R. = Rab, Rabbi, or Rabbenu.
R. Hash. = Rosh hash-Shanah (Talmud).
R. S. = Rabbenu Shimshon (commentary to Mishnah).
Rabb. D. S. = Rabbinowicz Diḳduḳé Sof’rim (Variæ Lectiones &c., Munich 1867-84).
Rap. = Rapaport, ʿErekh Millin (Talmudic Cyclopedia, first and only volume).
ref. = referring, reference.
Ruth R. = Ruth Rabbah (Midrash Rabbah to Ruth).
S. = Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Boston 1870.
s. = section (Parashah).
s. v. = sub voce.
Sabb. = Sabbath (Talmud).
Sam. = Samuel, Book of.
Schr. = Schrader, v. KAT.
Sef. Yets = Sefer Y’tsirah (Book of Creation, a Cabalistic work).
Shebi. = Sh’biith (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Y’rushalmi).
Shebu. = Shʾbuoth (Talmud).
Shek. = Sh’ḳalim (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y’rushalmi, also a pericope in P’siḳta).
Sm. Ant. = Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Third American Edition, New-York 1858.
S’maḥ. = S’maḥoth, Treatise (Abel Rabbathi).
Snh. = Sanhedrin (Talmud).
Sonc. = Soncino.
Sot. = Soṭah (Talmud).
sub. = subaudi.
Succ. = Succah (Talmud).
suppl. = supplement (Hosafah) to Pesikta Rabbathi.
Taan. = Taʿănith (Talmud).
Talm. = Talmud.
Tam. = Tamid (Talmud).
Tanḥ. = Midrash Tanḥuma.
Tanḥ. ed. Bub. = Midrash Tanḥuma (enlarged), edited, from manuscripts, by Buber, Wilna 1885.
Targ. = Targum.
Targ. O. = Targum Onkelos.
Targ. Y. = Targum Y’rushalmi (or Jonathan).
Targ. II = Targum Sheni (to Esther).
Tem. = T’murah (Talmud).
Ter. = T’rumoth (Mishnah, Tosefta and Y’rushalmi).
Toh. = Tohăroth (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Tosaf. = Tosafoth (Additamenta to Talmud Babli).
Tosef. = Tosefta.
Tosef. ed. Zuck. = Tosefta editio Zuckermandel, Pasewalk 1881.
Treat. = Treatise (tractatus, Massekheth, one of the appendices to Talmud Babli).
Trnsf. = Transferred.
trnsp. = transposed or transposition.
Ukts. = ʿUḳtsin (Mishnah and Tosefta).
usu. = usually.
v. = vide.
Var. = Variant.
var. lect. = variatio lectionis.
Ven. = Venice.
vers. = version.
Vien. = Vienna.
w. = word.
Wil. = Wilna.
ws. = words.
Y. = Y’rushalmi (Palestinean Talmud).
Yad. = Yadayim (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Yalk. = Yalḳuṭ (Collectanea from Talmudim, Midrashim &c.).
Yeb. = Y’bamoth (Talmud).
Y’lamd. = Y’lamdenu (a lost book, corresponding to Tanḥuma, quoted in Arukh).
Zab. = Zabim (Mishnah and Tosefta).
Zakh. = Zakhor (a pericope in P’siḳta).
Zeb. = Z’baḥim (Talmud).
Zech. = Zechariah, Book of.
Zeph. = Zephaniah, Book of.
Zuck. = Zuckermandel, v. Tosef.
Zuckerm. = Zuckermann Talmudische Münzen und Gewichte, Breslau 1862.
By the designation ( Talmud) are meant Mishnah, Tosefta and G’mara of Talmud Babli and, eventually, Talmud Y’rushalmi. By (Mishnah and Tosefta) or (Mishnah, Tosefta, and Y’rushalmi) is meant a Talmudic treatise in the collection of Mishnah &c., to which no discussions in either G’mara or respectively in the Babylonian are extant.