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Pesach Sheni
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The Second Passover offering.
Sources
A
Speak to the Israelite people, saying: When any party—whether you or your posterity—who is defiled by a corpse or is on a long journey would offer a passover sacrifice to יהוה,
Numbers 9:10
But if any party who is pure and not on a journey refrains from offering the passover sacrifice, that person shall be cut off from kin, for יהוה’s offering was not presented at its set time; that party shall bear the guilt. And when a stranger who resides with you would offer a passover sacrifice to יהוה, it must be offered in accordance with the rules and rites of the passover sacrifice. There shall be one law for you, whether stranger or citizen of the country.
Numbers 9:13-14
But there were some householders who were impure by reason of a corpse and could not offer the passover sacrifice on that day. Appearing that same day before Moses and Aaron, those householders said to them, “Impure though we are by reason of a corpse, why must we be debarred from presenting יהוה’s offering at its set time with the rest of the Israelites?”
Numbers 9:6-7
MISHNA:
What is the
definition of
a distant journey
that exempts one from observing the first
Pesaḥ
? Anywhere
from the
city of
Modi’im and beyond, and
from anywhere located an equal
distance
from Jerusalem and beyond
in every direction;
this is
the statement of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Eliezer says: From the threshold of the
Temple
courtyard and beyond
is considered a distant journey; therefore, anyone located outside the courtyard at the time that the Paschal lamb is slaughtered is exempt from observing the first…
Pesachim 93b:10-94a:3
MISHNA:
What is
the difference
between
the Paschal lamb offered on
the first
Pesaḥ
and the Paschal lamb offered on
the second
Pesaḥ
? On
the first
Pesaḥ
, at the time of slaughtering the Paschal lamb,
it is prohibited
to own leavened bread due to the prohibitions:
It shall not be seen, and: It shall not be found. And
on
the second
Pesaḥ
it is permissible for one to have both
leavened bread and
matza
with him in the house…
Pesachim 95a:1-3
What is the
definition of
a distant journey
that exempts one from observing the first
Pesaḥ
? Anywhere
from the
city of
Modi’im and beyond, and
from anywhere located an equal
distance
from Jerusalem and beyond
in every direction;
this is
the statement of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Eliezer says: From the threshold of the
Temple
courtyard and beyond
is considered a distant journey;therefore, anyone located outside the courtyard at the time that the Paschal lamb is slaughtered is exempt from observing the first
Pesaḥ
…
Mishnah Pesachim 9:2
The Gemara asks:
And
with regard to
the Paschal lamb itself, from where do we
derive that if most of the nation is ritually impure, the sacrifice is offered anyway?
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: For the verse states:
“Speak to the children of Israel, saying:
Any man
of you or your generations
who shall be impure by reason of a corpse,
or on a distant journey, he shall keep the Passover to the Lord. On the fourteenth day of the second month at evening they shall keep it, and eat it with
matzot
and bitter herbs” (Numbers 9:10–11)…
Pesachim 66b:11
The commandment of the second Pesach (
Pesach Sheni
) on the fourteenth of Iyar
: That anyone who was unable to offer the first Pesach-offering on the fourteenth day of Nissan — for example, due to impurity or because he was at a distance — [offer] the second Pesach-offering on the fourteenth day of Iyar; as it is stated (Numbers 9:11), “On the second month on the fourteenth day in the afternoon, you shall offer it.” The Sages taught us further (Pesachim 73a) that it is not specifically ritual impurity or distance, but any case of inadvertence or duress…
Sefer HaChinukh 380:1
יהוה spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, on the first new moon of the second year following the exodus from the land of Egypt, saying: Let the Israelite people offer the passover sacrifice at its set time:
Numbers 9:1-2
you shall offer it on the fourteenth day of this month, at twilight, at its set time; you shall offer it in accordance with all its rules and rites. Moses instructed the Israelites to offer the passover sacrifice; and they offered the passover sacrifice in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight, in the wilderness of Sinai. Just as יהוה had commanded Moses, so the Israelites did.
Numbers 9:3-5
B’DERECH R’CHOKAH’ Rashi commented [that the meaning of this expression — literally “on a distant way” — is] “that he was outside the threshold of the Sanctuary Court during the whole time prescribed for slaughtering [the Passover-offering].” According to this opinion, this interpretation is hinted at by the dot [on the letter
hei
in the word
r’chokah
(distant) in the Torah, thus indicating that the journey does not really have to be a distant one, for even if he is only outside the threshold of the Sanctuary Court during the time of slaughtering of the Passover-offering…
Ramban on Numbers 9:10:1
The Sages taught
in the
Tosefta
: One
is liable to
receive
karet
for
intentionally refraining from observing
the first
Pesaḥ
; similarly, one who could not observe the first
Pesaḥ
is liable to
receive
karet
if he intentionally refrained from observing
the second
Pesaḥ
. This is
the statement of Rabbi
Yehuda HaNasi.
Rabbi Natan says: One is liable to
receive
karet
for
intentionally refraining from observing
the first
Pesaḥ
…
Pesachim 93a:7-12
Some Tannain stated, he is punished by extirpation for the Second, he is not punished by extirpation for the First. Some Tannain stated, he is punished by extirpation for the First, he is not punished by extirpation for the Second. And there are Tannaim who state, both for the First as for the Second he is punished by extirpation. He who says, he is punished by extirpation for the First;
he shall bear his sin
about the First. He who says, he is punished by extirpation for the Second;
he shall bear his sin
about the Second…
Jerusalem Talmud Pesachim 9:3:3
Hezekiah sent word to all Israel and Judah; he also wrote letters to Ephraim and Manasseh to come to the House of the L
ORD
in Jerusalem to keep the Passover for the L
ORD
God of Israel. The king and his officers and the congregation in Jerusalem had agreed to keep the Passover in the second month, for at the time, they were unable to keep it, for not enough priests had sanctified themselves, nor had the people assembled in Jerusalem. The king and the whole congregation thought it proper
II Chronicles 30:1-4
What are the differences between the first Paschal sacrifice and the second Paschal sacrifice? At the time of the first,
chametz
is forbidden to be seen or possessed in one's domain. It may not be slaughtered while one is in possession of
chametz
. Its meat may not be removed from the company in which it was designated to be eaten. The
Hallel
must be recited when it is eaten. A festive-offering is brought with it. It may be brought in a state of impurity if the majority of the people are impure because of contact with a human corpse, as we explained…
Mishneh Torah, Paschal Offering 10:15
If one was fifteen
mil
or more outside of Jerusalem at the appearance of the sun on the fourteenth of Nisan, he is considered to be "on a distant way." If he was closer than this, he is not considered to be "on a distant way," because he could reach Jerusalem after midday while walking comfortably by foot.
If he journeyed and did not reach Jerusalem in time, because he was held back by a press of animals or he was in Jerusalem, but was infirm in his legs and did not reach the Temple Courtyard until the time for the offering of the sacrifice passed…
Mishneh Torah, Paschal Offering 5:9
Rabbi Akiva says: They were Mishael and Elzaphan, who were engaged in
carrying the bodies of
Nadav and Avihu
after they were burned in the Holy of Holies (see Leviticus 10:4).
Rabbi Yitzḥak says:
These identifications are inaccurate, because
if they were the bearers of Joseph’s coffin, they could have
already
been purified.
They were camped at Sinai sufficient time to become purified in time to sacrifice the Paschal lamb. And
if they were Mishael and Elzaphan they could have
already
been purified…
Sukkah 25b:1-2
או בדרך רחוקה, “or on a journey far off;” there is a dot on the letter ה in the word רחוקה; this dot is not connected to the word בדרך, for if so, the word would be treated as if it had not appeared. Rather, that dot connects to the word איש, “a man or person;” we are to understand the person concerned as being spiritually on a journey that had estranged him to Judaism and its G-d. או לדורותיכם, “or someone of your generations;” the verse means that the person described is either at this time far from you spiritually or time wise, in other words…
Chizkuni, Numbers 9:10:1-2
אנחנו טמאים לנפש אדם למה נגרע, seeing that the ritual impurity we have incurred was incurred in the process of our fulfilling a positive commandment, why should the result of this be the misdemeanour of not fulfilling such an important commandment as observing the Passover at the appointed time?
Sforno on Numbers 9:7:1
Speak with the sons of Israel, saying: A man, whether young or old, when unclean by defilement from the dead, or an issue, or the leprosy, or who is hindered in the way of the world by the accidents of the night, or who shall be at a distance from the threshold of his house: if such things happen to you, or to your generations, then may he defer to perform the Pascha before the Lord.
Targum Jonathan on Numbers 9:10
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