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Laws of Counting the Omer
Laws of the Calendar
Sources
A
The Sages taught
in a
baraita
: The verse states: “And you shall count for you from the morrow after the day of rest [
hashabbat
], from the day that you brought the sheaf of the waving; seven weeks there shall be complete” (Leviticus 23:15). The phrase:
“And you shall count for you,”
teaches
that
the mitzva of counting is not a communal obligation. Rather,
there should be a counting by each and every
person.
Menachot 65b:10
It is a positive commandment to count seven complete weeks from the day the
omer
is brought, as [Leviticus 23:15] states: "And from the day after the Sabbath, you shall count... seven weeks." It is a mitzvah to count the days together with the weeks, as [
ibid.
:15] states: "You shall count 50 days."
One should count at the inception of the [new] day. Therefore one counts at night, [beginning] from the night of the sixteenth of Nisan. When one forgot and did not count at night, he should count during the day. One should count only when standing…
Mishneh Torah, Daily Offerings and Additional Offerings 7:22-25
Rava elaborates:
If
one seeks to prove
from that
which
Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai
said, that there is a contradiction between two verses, as one indicates that there is an obligation to count fifty days and another that the obligation is to count seven weeks,
perhaps
this contradiction can be resolved
in accordance with
the statement of
Abaye. As Abaye said:
It is
a mitzva to count days, and
it is also
a mitzva to count
seven
weeks.
When one counts, he should track both the number of days and the number of weeks.
Menachot 66a:10
The Gemara asks: But if so,
say
that the
Shavuot
offering may be redressed for only
one day,
as
Shavuot
is determined by a count of fifty days from Passover. How, then, is it known that the
Shavuot
offering has seven days for redress?
Rava said: Is that to say
that
we count
only
days until
Shavuot
,
but
we do not
also
count weeks? But didn’t the Master say:
It is
a mitzva to count
fifty
days, and
it is also
a mitzva to count
seven
weeks…
Rosh Hashanah 5a:5
Rava said: And
how can
you understand
it that way?
Is that to say
that for
Shavuot
we count days
but
we do not count weeks? Didn’t Abaye say:
It is
a mitzva to count days,
in the counting of the
omer
,
as it is written:
“Until the morrow of the seventh week,
you shall count fifty days”
(Leviticus 23:16);
and
it is also
a mitzva to count weeks, as it is written: “Seven weeks you shall count for yourself,
from when the sickle is first put to the standing corn” (Deuteronomy 16:9)…
Chagigah 17b:8
From the laws of the commandment is that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Menachot 66a) that it is a commandment to tally them from the evening so that they be complete. As the verse stated, “complete shall they be” — and they, may their memory be blessed, said, “From when are they complete? From when he begins from the evening.” And nonetheless, the commentators (Tosafot in the name of Behag on
Menachot
, s.v.
zecher
) explained that if he forgot and did not tally from the evening, he [may] tally on the morrow the whole day…
Sefer HaChinukh 306:5
The commandment of the additional sacrifice on the day of Rosh Hashanah:
To sacrifice the additional sacrifice on the day of Rosh Hashanah, as it is stated (Leviticus 23:24-25), “On the seventh month on the first of the month, etc. and you shall bring a fire-offering to the Lord, etc.” And in the Order of
Pinchas
(Numbers 29:2-5), it mentions the sacrifice at length. And all of its content is like I wrote about the additional sacrifice of Pesach in the commandment of the additional offering of all of the seven days of Pesach in this Order (Sefer HaChinukh 299).
Sefer HaChinukh 312:1
And three men with three baskets and three sickles would harvest these three
seah
(Menachot 63b, 65a). And when it got dark, the harvester says to those standing there, “Did the sun set?” They say to him, “Yes,” three times. “This sickle?” They say, “Yes,” also three times. “This basket?” They say, “Yes” also three times. “Should I harvest?” They say to him, “Harvest,” three times. And why so much? Because of those in error, who left from [being in the people of] Israel at the [time of] the Second [Temple], and would say that that which it is stated in the Torah…
Sefer HaChinukh 302:4
The commandment of the additional sacrifices all of the seven days of Pesach:
To sacrifice the additional sacrifice on all of the seven days of Pesach, as it is stated (Leviticus 23:8), “And you shall offer a fire-offering to the Lord seven days.” And it is like the sacrifice of Rosh Chodesh (the new moon): two bulls; one ram; seven sheep — all of them burnt-offerings, and as it is written explicitly about all of them in the Order of
Pinchas
(Numbers 28:19), “a fire-offering, a burnt-offering…
Sefer HaChinukh 299:1-4
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