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Gentile Practices of the Body and Clothing
Laws of Clothing
Sources
A
MISHNA:
One who creates a bald spot upon his head, and one who rounds the edge of his head
by shaving the hair adjacent to the ear,
and one who mars the edge of his beard, and one who cuts one incision
in a display of mourning
over the dead,
are all
liable
to receive lashes. If
he cut one incision over five dead
people,
or five incisions over one dead
person, he is
liable
to receive lashes
for each and every one.
For
rounding the edges of his
head,
one is liable to receive
two
sets of lashes…
Makkot 20a:9-21a:14
We may not shave the corners of our heads as the idolaters and their priests do, as [Leviticus 19:27] states: "Do not cut off the corners of your heads."
One is liable for each corner. Therefore, a person who shaves both his temples - even if he were to do so simultaneously and had received only a single warning – is [liable for] two measures of lashes.
[This prohibition applies equally to] one who shaves off only the corners of his head and leaves the remainder of his hair, and to one who shaves his entire head at once. Since he has shaved the corners, he is [liable for] lashes…
Mishneh Torah, Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 12
Rava
said to
Rava bar Mesharshiyya:
That
baraita
, which states that one cannot derive the
halakha
from the case of a leper, which indicates that it is evident that a leper must shave with a razor, is
in accordance with
the opinion of
the Rabbis.
They derive the
halakha
of a leper’s shaving from the prohibition against destroying one’s beard. Conversely,
this
source, which attempted to derive the shaving of a leper from that of a nazirite and the Levites, is
in accordance with
the opinion of
Rabbi Eliezer…
Nazir 40b:3
With regard to the same issue,
Rav Huna said:
An adult
who rounds
the head
of a minor boy is liable
to receive lashes, despite the fact that the child himself is not obligated to observe mitzvot.
Rav Adda bar Ahava,
who disputed this ruling,
said to Rav Huna: And
with regard to
your
sons,
who shaves them
and rounds the corners of their heads? After all, you maintain that an adult may not round the head of a minor. Rav Huna
said to him: Ḥova
my wife does it, as she is not prohibited from rounding their heads…
Nazir 57b:5-6
§ The mishna further teaches:
And
with regard to
all prohibitions,
whether or not they are time bound, both men and women are obligated to observe them. The Gemara asks:
From where are these matters
derived?
Rav Yehuda says
that
Rav says, and likewise the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: The verse states
with regard to a guilt-offering:
“When a man or woman shall commit any sin that a person commits”
(Numbers 5:6).
The verse equates a woman to a man with regard to all punishments in the Torah…
Kiddushin 35a:8-35b:11
Reish Lakish said to Rabbi Yoḥanan: I
should
read here
the verse:
“You shall not cut yourselves [
titgodedu
]”
(Deuteronomy 14:1), which is interpreted as meaning:
Do not become numerous factions [
agudot
].
In other words, the Jewish people should be united, rather than divided into disparate groups that act in different ways. Before analyzing this issue, the Gemara asks:
This
verse:
“You shall not cut yourselves,” is required for the matter itself, as the Merciful One is saying: Do not cut yourselves over the dead…
Yevamot 13b:17
§
Rav said: A person
who is not a nazirite
may lighten
his burden by removing
all
the hair of
his body with a razor.
One who feels he has too much hair may shave all of it off with a razor, apart from his beard and the corners of his head. The Gemara
raises an objection
against this from a
baraita
: A man
who removes
the hair
of the armpit or the pubic
hair
is flogged
for transgressing the prohibition: “A man shall not put on a woman’s garment” (Deuteronomy 22:5), as this behavior is the manner of women…
Nazir 58b:10-59a:7
That was also taught
in a
baraita
:
One who removes
enough of his hair
to fill the opening of the scissors on Shabbat is liable. And how much
is enough
to fill the opening of the scissors?
It is
two
hairs.
Rabbi Eliezer says:
One is liable for removing even
one
hair.
And the Sages agree with Rabbi Eliezer
that
one
who
collects
and plucks
white
hairs
from among black
ones
is liable even
if he removed
a single
hair. His actions indicate that one hair is significant for him…
Shabbat 94b:9
And
yet the question remains: According to
the one who said
that Beit Shammai
acted
in accordance with their opinion,
we
should
read here: “You shall not cut yourselves”
(Deuteronomy 14:1), which is interpreted to mean:
Do not become numerous factions. Abaye said: When we say
that the prohibition:
“You shall not cut yourselves”
applies, we are referring to a case
where two courts
are located
in one city,
and
these rule in accordance with the statement of Beit Shammai and those rule in accordance with the statement of Beit Hillel…
Yevamot 14a:6
GEMARA:
The Gemara inquires:
Now, the
tanna
is leaving
tractate
Makkot
,
the tractate that precedes tractate
Shevuot
in the mishnaic order.
What is distinctive
about tractate
Shevuot
that he teaches
tractate
Shevuot
after tractate
Makkot
? The Gemara answers: It is
due to
the fact
that he teaches
in a mishna at the end of tractate
Makkot
(20a):
For
rounding the edges of his
head
one is
liable
to receive
two
sets of lashes:
One from here…
Shevuot 2b:12-3a:1
The Gemara asks: If so,
now too, let us say
that the
halakhot
of ritual impurity
concluded
discussion of
that matter,
and it is prohibited for the daughters of Aaron as well to cause baldness.
And if
you maintain that the reason the prohibition stated with regard to priests does not apply to women is
due to
the
verbal analogy
employing the term “make baldness,” which serves to connect the
halakha
stated with regard to priests with the
halakha
stated with regard to all Jews…
Kiddushin 36a:5-8
And from where do we
derive
that
this shaving of a leper must be performed
with a razor?
It is
as it is taught
in a
baraita
, with regard to the prohibition against a priest shaving his beard in the verse
“Neither shall they shave off the corners of their beards”
(Leviticus 21:5): One
might
have thought that a priest should
be liable even if he shaved
his beard
with scissors. The verse states,
in the general prohibition issued to all Jewish men:
“Neither shall you destroy
the corners of your beard” (Leviticus 19:27)…
Nazir 40b:5-6
Therefore,
the verse states
explicitly:
“His head,”
to teach that the mitzva that a leper must shave overrides the prohibition against rounding the corners of one’s head by shaving. The Gemara adds:
And this
tanna
holds
that
the shaving of the entire head is considered rounding.
Some Sages maintain that one violates the prohibition against rounding the corners of his head only when he leaves some hair intact and removes the corners alone. Conversely, this
tanna
holds that even when one removes all of the hair on the head…
Yevamot 5a:3
The Gemara analyzes Shmuel’s answer:
And let
Shmuel
establish
the mishna as referring
to a male who reached majority, and
the reason it is permitted is because
rounding the entire head,
not merely its corners, is
not called rounding
as prohibited by the Torah.
From
the fact that
he does not establish
the mishna in
this
manner,
conclude from it
that
Shmuel maintains
that
rounding the entire head
is
called rounding.
Nazir 57b:3
Rav Adda bar Ahava said: Women are obligated to
recite the sanctification of the Shabbat day [
kiddush
]by Torah law.
The Gemara asks:
Why?
Kiddush
is a
time-bound, positive mitzva, and women are exempt
from
all time-bound, positive mitzvot. Abaye said:
Indeed, women are obligated to recite
kiddush
by
rabbinic,
but not by Torah
law.
Berakhot 20b:8
MISHNA:
With regard to
all mitzvot of a son with regard to
his
father, men are obligated
to perform them
and women are exempt. And
with regard to
all mitzvot of a father with regard to his son, both men and women are obligated
to perform them. The mishna notes an additional difference between the obligations of men and women in the performance of mitzvot: With regard to
all positive, time-bound mitzvot,
i.e., those which must be performed at specific times,
men are obligated
to perform them
and women are exempt…
Kiddushin 29a:6-7
The Master said
in the
baraita
:
“Males”
comes
to exclude women.
The Gemara asks:
Why do I
need
a verse
for
this
halakha
?
After all,
the obligation of appearance on a Festival
is a positive, time-bound mitzva, and women are exempt from any positive, time-bound mitzva.
The Gemara answers: This statement
was necessary,
as otherwise
it could enter your mind to say: Let us derive
by means of a verbal analogy between the term:
Appearance,
which appears here, and the term:
Appearance…
Chagigah 4a:4-5
Rava raised an objection
from a
baraita
:
The sounding
of the
shofar
on Rosh HaShana and
on Yom Kippur of
the Jubilee Year overrides
the prohibitions of
Shabbat
even
in the outlying areas
outside the Temple,
every man and his house.
The Gemara asks:
What is
the meaning of the phrase:
Every man and his house? If we say
that it means, as usual: Every
man and his wife, is a woman obligated
to sound the
shofar
?
Isn’t
sounding the
shofar
a positive, time-bound mitzva,
i.e…
Rosh Hashanah 30a:7
§ The mishna teaches that women are exempt from
all positive, time-bound mitzvot. The Sages taught: What is a positive, time-bound mitzva?
Examples include residing in
a
sukka
, and
taking the
lulav
,
and blowing the
shofar
on Rosh HaShana, all of which can be performed only at specific times of the year.
And
another example is donning
ritual fringes,
as the mitzva applies only during the daytime due to the verse which states: “Fringes, that you may look upon them” (Numbers 15:39), indicating that the fringes should be seen…
Kiddushin 33b:17-34a:3
The Gemara asks:
Granted, there,
“remember” and “observe”
were spoken in a single utterance
in order to teach the
halakha
that Rav Adda bar Ahava
says;
as Rav Adda bar Ahava says: Women are obligated to
recite
kiddush
sanctifying
the
seventh
day, by Torah law,
even though it is a positive, time-bound mitzva,
since the verses state: “Remember,” and: “Observe,”
indicating that
anyone who is
obligated
to observe,
i.e…
Shevuot 20b:10
Related
ראו גם
Superstitions
Tattoos
Corners of the Head and the Beard
Sheets
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