Ramban on Numbers 24:1:1

וְלֹא הָלַךְ כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם לִקְרַאת נְחָשִׁים, כִּי בַּפְּעָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיָה מְנַחֵשׁ וְרוֹצֶה לְקַלֵּל אוֹתָם בְּנַחַשׁ, וְהָיָה הַשֵּׁם בָּא אֵלָיו בְּדֶרֶךְ מִקְרֶה, לֹא בְּכַוָּנָתוֹ לִנְבוּאָה וְלֹא מִמַּעֲלָתוֹ שֶׁהִגִּיעַ אֵלֶיהָ. וְעַתָּה כַּאֲשֶׁר נֶאֱמַר לוֹ "כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב וְלֹא קֶסֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל" לְהָרַע אוֹ לְהֵיטִיב לָהֶם, הִנִּיחַ הַנְּחָשִׁים וְלֹא הָלַךְ כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם לִקְרָאתָם, אֲבָל שָׂם אֶל הַמִּדְבָּר פָּנָיו אֲשֶׁר יִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁם, שֶׁיִּרְאֶה אוֹתָם וְיָכִין לָהֶם נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁיָּחוּל עָלָיו הַדִּבּוּר מֵאֵת הַשֵּׁם כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה עִמּוֹ פַּעֲמַיִם, וְכֵן הָיָה לוֹ. עַל כֵּן אָמַר ״וַתְּהִי עָלָיו רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים״, כִּי עַתָּה הָיְתָה עָלָיו יַד ה' כַּאֲשֶׁר הִיא לַנְּבִיאִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר: ״וּמִי יִתֵּן כָּל עַם ה' נְבִיאִים כִּי יִתֵּן ה' אֶת רוּחוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם״ (במדבר י״א:כ״ט), וְאוֹמֵר: ״רוּחַ ה' אֱלֹהִים עָלָי״ (ישעיהו סא א). וְעַל כֵּן קָרָא עַצְמוֹ עַתָּה "שֹׁמֵעַ אִמְרֵי אֵל" (במדבר כ״ד:ד׳), כִּי נָבִיא הוּא. וְרַשִׁ״י כָּתַב (רש״י על במדבר כ״ד:א׳): ״וַיָּשֶׁת אֶל הַמִּדְבָּר פָּנָיו״ - כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ, כִּי הָיָה הָרַב מְתַרְגֵּם בּוֹ: ״וְשַׁוִּי לְמַדְבְּרָא דַּעֲבַדוּ בֵּיהּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֶגְלָא אַנְפּוֹהִי״. וְאֵין בְּנֻסְחָאוֹת מְדֻקְדָּקוֹת מִתַּרְגּוּמוֹ שֶׁל אוּנְקְלוֹס (תרגום אונקלוס על במדבר כ״ד:א׳) כֵּן, אֲבָל הוּא כָּתוּב בִּקְצָתָן שֶׁהֻגַּהּ בָּהֶן מִן הַתַּרְגּוּם הַיְּרוּשַׁלְמִי, וְהָעִקָּר מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ. וְאָמַר: ״אֲשֶׁר מַחֲזֵה שַׁדַּי יֶחֱזֶה״ (שם), כִּי רָאָה עַתָּה בְּאִסְפַּקְלַרְיָא הַמְּאִירָה כַּנְּבִיאִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁאָמַר בָּהֶם: ״וָאֵרָא אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֶל יִצְחָק וְאֶל יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי״ (שמות ו ג), אוֹ בְּמַדְרֵגָה לְמַטָּה מֵהֶם, כִּי מַחֲזֵה שַׁדַּי אֵינֶנּוּ שַׁדַּי. וְהִנֵּה הֵם יִרְאוּ בְּאֵל שַׁדַּי, וְהוּא יֶחֱזֶה בְּמַחֲזֵה שֶׁל שַׁדַּי. וְהִנֵּה הָיוּ שְׁתֵּי מַדְרֵגוֹת לְמַטָּה מֵהֶם. וְעַל כֵּן קָרָא עַצְמוֹ "גְּלוּי עֵינָיִם", שֶׁהִיא מַדְרֵגַת בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״ה' פְּקַח אֶת עֵינֵי״ וְגוֹ' (מלכים ב ו כ). וּכְבָר נֶאֱמַר כֵּן בְּבִלְעָם עַצְמוֹ בִּרְאִיַּת הַמַּלְאָךְ "וַיְגַל ה' אֶת עֵינֵי בִלְעָם" (במדבר כ״ב:ל״א). וְלֹא תַּחְשֹׁב בָּזֶה זוּלַת מַה שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁנוּ מִפְּנֵי מַאֲמַר רַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּסִפְרֵי (ברכה לט): ״וְלֹא קָם נָבִיא עוֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמֹשֶׁה״ - בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא קָם, אֲבָל בְּאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם קָם. וְאֵיזֶה זֶה? בִּלְעָם. אֶלָּא הֶפְרֵשׁ יֵשׁ בֵּין נְבוּאַת מֹשֶׁה לִנְבוּאַת בִּלְעָם: מֹשֶׁה לֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מַה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, וּבִלְעָם הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מַה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״נְאֻם שֹׁמֵעַ אִמְרֵי אֵל״. מֹשֶׁה לֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מָתַי מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו״ (במדבר ז׳:פ״ט), וּבִלְעָם הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מָתַי מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְיֹדֵעַ דַּעַת עֶלְיוֹן״. מֹשֶׁה הָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ מְעֻמָּד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְאַתָּה פֹּה עֲמֹד עִמָּדִי״ (דברים ה כח), וּבִלְעָם הָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ שֶׁהוּא נוֹפֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״נֹפֵל וּגְלוּי עֵינָיִם״. מָשָׁל לְטַבָּחוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ יוֹדֵעַ כַּמָּה הוֹצָאוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת לַמֶּלֶךְ עַל שֻׁלְחָנוֹ. וּבֵאוּר עִנְיַן הַבָּרַיְתָא הַזּוֹ: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב ״וְלֹא קָם נָבִיא עוֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמֹשֶׁה אֲשֶׁר יְדָעוֹ ה' פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים״ (שם לד י), וְדָרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּא לְסַפֵּר בַּמַּעֲלָה אֲשֶׁר לִנְבוּאַת מֹשֶׁה עַל נְבוּאַת שְׁאָר הַנְּבִיאִים, שֶׁכְּבָר הוֹדִיעַ אוֹתָנוּ מַעֲלָתוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם בִּשְׁנֵי מְקוֹמוֹת: בְּפָסוּק ״וָאֵרָא אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֶל יִצְחָק וְאֶל יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי וּשְׁמִי ה' לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם״ (שמות ו ג), וּבְפָסוּק ״אִם יִהְיֶה נְבִיאֲכֶם" וְגוֹ' (במדבר י״ב:ו׳). אֲבָל עַתָּה לֹא דִּבֵּר עַל מֹשֶׁה שֶׁיָּדַע הוּא אֶת הַשֵּׁם, כְּעִנְיַן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״הוֹדִיעֵנִי נָא אֶת דְּרָכֶיךָ וְאֵדָעֲךָ״ (שמות לג יג), שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר הַכָּתוּב "אֲשֶׁר יָדַע אֶת הַשֵּׁם פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים" אֲבָל אָמַר "אֲשֶׁר יְדָעוֹ", כִּי יְדַבֵּר עַל בֵּאוּר הַנְּבוּאָה. יֹאמַר כִּי לְמֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ תָּבֹא מְבֹאֶרֶת כִּמְדַבֵּר אֶל חֲבֵרוֹ פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים, שֶׁמּוֹדִיעוֹ דְּבָרָיו וְכַוָּנָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּכִּיר בְּפָנָיו שֶׁהֵבִין דְּבָרָיו וְכַוָּנָתוֹ בָּאֲמִירָה וּבְהַכָּרַת רְצוֹנוֹ בְּפָנָיו. וְאָמְרוּ כִּי לְבִלְעָם הָיָה זֶה בְּעֵת שֶׁנִּבָּא לִכְבוֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁעָמַד עַל דִּבְרֵי ה' וְעַל רְצוֹנוֹ וְחֶפְצוֹ בְּכָל הָעִנְיָן הֶעָתִיד לָבֹא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן יֵשׁ הֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּין נְבוּאַת מֹשֶׁה לְבִלְעָם, כִּי מֹשֶׁה לֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מַה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, בְּאֵיזֶה עִנְיָן, בְּאֵיזוֹ מִצְוָה יְצַוֶּנּוּ, אֲבָל הָיָה הוּא מוּכָן בְּכָל עֵת לַדִּבּוּר, וְהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְצַוֶּה אוֹתוֹ כְּפִי הָרָצוֹן לְפָנָיו. אֲבָל בִּלְעָם הָיָה מְכַוֵּן וּמְחַשֵּׁב בַּדָּבָר הַהוּא שֶׁהוּא חָפֵץ בּוֹ, וְהוֹלֵךְ וּמִתְבּוֹדֵד וּמֵכִין נַפְשׁוֹ לִהְיוֹת עָלָיו הָרוּחַ, אוּלַי יִקָּרֶה ה' לִקְרָאתוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הוּא מְפֹרָשׁ בְּכָאן. וְיוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאִם יָחוּל עָלָיו בָּעִנְיָן הַהוּא אֲשֶׁר חָשַׁב יְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, לֹא בְּעִנְיָן אַחֵר. וּמֹשֶׁה לֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מָתַי יְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, כִּי לֹא הָיָה אֵלָיו עֵת קָבוּעַ לַדִּבּוּר, אֲבָל בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיַּחְפֹּץ מֹשֶׁה וִיכַוֵּן לִבּוֹ לַדִּבּוּר הָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר: ״עִמְדוּ וְאֶשְׁמְעָה מַה יְצַוֶּה ה'״ (במדבר ט':ח'). וְכֵן בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לְפָנָיו יִתְעַלֶּה הָרָצוֹן לִהְיוֹת מְצַוֶּה אוֹתוֹ מֵאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וַיִּשְׁמַע אֶת הַקּוֹל מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו. אֲבָל בִּלְעָם הָיָה מְכַוֵּן אֶת הַשָּׁעָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לוֹ הַדִּבּוּר, וְלֹא תָּנוּחַ עָלָיו הָרוּחַ אֶלָּא בְּאוֹתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה, אוּלַי הִיא הַשָּׁעָה שֶׁיַּזְכִּירוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בְּמַסֶּכֶת בְּרָכוֹת (ברכות ז') וּבְמַסֶּכֶת סַנְהֶדְרִין (סנהדרין ק״ה) שֶׁהָיָה מְקַלֵּל בָּהּ, וּבָהּ הָיָה חָל עָלָיו הָרוּחַ, לֹא בְּעֵת אַחֶרֶת לְעוֹלָם. וְכֵן עִנְיַן הָעֲמִידָה מַעֲלָה לְמֹשֶׁה, וְהַנְּפִילָה בְּבִלְעָם פְּחִיתוּת, שֶׁלֹּא יִסְבֹּל נְבוּאָה, כְּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״אִם יוֹסְפִים אֲנַחְנוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת קוֹל ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ עוֹד וָמָתְנוּ וְגוֹ' קְרַב אַתָּה וּשְׁמָע״ (דברים ה' כ״ב-כ״ד). וְאָמְרוּ מָשָׁל לְטַבָּחוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ עַל הַמִּדָּה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, וְכַוָּנָתָם לוֹמַר שֶׁהַטַּבָּח יוֹדֵעַ בְּהוֹצָאַת שֻׁלְחָנוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, וְהַשַּׂר שֶׁלּוֹ שֶׁהוּא נֶאֱמָן בְּכָל בֵּיתוֹ וְעוֹמֵד בְּסוֹדוֹ לֹא יֵדַע בְּהוֹצָאַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן. וְהַמָּשָׁל הַזֶּה יוֹרֶה שֶׁדַּעַת הַחֲכָמִים לוֹמַר שֶׁהָיָה בִּלְעָם יוֹדֵעַ מֵעַצְמוֹ אַחֲרֵי כַּוָּנָתוֹ שֶׁהַשֵּׁם יֹאמַר לוֹ ״מָה אֶקֹּב לֹא קַבֹּה אֵל״ (במדבר כ״ג:ח') וְכָל הָעִנְיָן, וְאַחַר כֵּן יִשְׁמַע הַדִּבּוּר בַּמִּלּוֹת הָהֵם אֲשֶׁר חָשַׁב בְּלִבּוֹ. וְזֶה מַה שֶׁהִזְכַּרְתִּי כִּי הָיָה קוֹסֵם וְתָבֹאנָה הָעֲתִידוֹת בְּלִבּוֹ, וְעַתָּה בִּשְׁבִיל יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁמַע בָּהֶם גַּם הַדִּבּוּר. וּלְפִיכָךְ הָיָה מִתְפָּאֵר בְּעַצְמוֹ עַתָּה לוֹמַר ״נְאֻם שֹׁמֵעַ אִמְרֵי אֵל״. וְרָאִיתִי הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה הַשָּׁנוּי בְּסִפְרֵי שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּסִגְנוֹן אַחֵר בְּהַגָּדָה שֶׁל בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי רַבָּה (במדבר רבה כ':א'), וְאֵין לִי לְהַאֲרִיךְ. וְהַכְּלָל כִּי כַּוָּנָתָם לוֹמַר שֶׁנְּבוּאַת בִּלְעָם תָּבֹא אֵלָיו בְּמִלּוֹת מְבֹאָרוֹת לוֹ מִן הַטַּעַם שֶׁאָמְרוּ, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם לוֹמַר, אִלּוּ הָיָה לָנוּ נָבִיא כְּמֹשֶׁה הָיִינוּ עוֹבְדִים לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אֲבָל מַדְרֵגַת נְבוּאָתוֹ לְמַטָּה מִשְּׁאָר הַנְּבִיאִים, שֶׁהִיא בְּמַחֲזֵה שַׁדַּי כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְכֵן אָמְרוּ בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה (א' י״ג): אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִגְלֶה עַל נְבִיאֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא בַּחֲצִי דִבּוּר, הֵיךְ כְּמָה דְתֵימָא "וַיִּקָּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל בִּלְעָם", אֲבָל לִנְבִיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּדִבּוּר שָׁלֵם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיִּקְרָא אֶל מֹשֶׁה״. וַחֲצִי הַדִּבּוּר תָּבִין עִנְיָנוֹ מִמַּה שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ: AND HE WENT NOT, AS AT OTHER TIMES, TO SEEK FOR ENCHANTMENTS. [This means] that on the previous [two] occasions Balaam acted as an enchanter, and wanted to curse them by means of enchantment, and G-d came to him as if by chance, and not because he [Balaam] had concentrated on [attaining] prophecy, nor because of any superior status that he had achieved [because he was in fact not worthy of prophecy]. But now when he was told, For there is no enchantment in Jacob, neither is there any divination in Israel,¹⁵⁸Verse 23. whether to do them evil or good, Balaam abandoned his enchantments, and he went not [any more] as at [the] other times to seek them. Instead, he set his face toward the wilderness where Israel was [encamped], so that he would see them and prepare his soul towards them, so that the Divine communication would come unto him, as had happened to him twice [previous], and so indeed it happened to him now. Therefore Scripture states, and ‘the spirit of G-d’ came upon him,¹⁷⁵Verse 2. for now the hand of the Eternal was upon him as it was upon the prophets,¹⁷⁶Ezekiel 37:1: The hand of the Eternal was upon me. and just as Moses said, would that all the Eternal’s people were prophets, that the Eternal would put ‘His spirit’ upon them!¹⁷⁷Above, 11:29. — and it is further said: ‘The spirit of the Eternal G-d’ is upon me.¹⁷⁸Isaiah 61:1. Therefore Balaam now referred to himself as him who heareth the words of G-d,¹⁷⁹Verse 4. for he was [for that particular moment] a prophet.¹⁸⁰Genesis 20:7. Now Rashi commented: “And he set his face toward the wilderness. This is to be understood as the Targum [Onkelos] rendered it.” For the Rabbi’s [Rashi’s] Targum contained [the following text]: “He directed his face toward the wilderness in which the children of Israel had made the [golden] calf.” But this is not found in accurate editions of Onkelos’ Targum,¹⁸¹Nor is it found in our texts of Onkelos. and is [only] written in some of the texts [of Onkelos], which were emended on the basis of the Targum Yerushalmi,¹⁸²It is also found in our texts of the Targum of Yonathan ben Uziel. — There are three traditional Targumim (translations) of the Pentateuch: Onkelos, Yonathan, and Yerushalmi. The latter was lost for many centuries, and only parts of it have reached us. Recently, however, a copy of this Jerusalem Targum has been found in its full version, and the text quoted here by Ramban appears in it. but the correct interpretation is as we have explained [above, that Balaam turned to the wilderness in order to receive Divine communication as he had previously, and not because that was the place where they had made the golden calf].
Scripture says [in describing Balaam]: Who seeth the vision of the Almighty,¹⁷⁹Verse 4. meaning that he now saw through a lucid spectrum, as did the early prophets of whom it is said, And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob by the Name ‘E-il Sha-dai’ (G-d Almighty).¹⁸³Exodus 6:3. Or it may be that Balaam [only] received [the Divine communication] through a degree [of vision] less than theirs, since ‘the vision of’ the Almighty¹⁷⁹Verse 4. is not the same as the Almighty.¹⁸³Exodus 6:3. Thus the patriarchs saw by ‘E-il Sha-dai’ (G-d Almighty), [a double expression], whereas Balaam saw only by ‘the vision of’ the Almighty — two degrees lower than them [because only one Name of G-d is used, and he only saw a vision of it]. Therefore Balaam described himself as [one who saw the vision of the Almighty] with opened eyes, which is the degree of prophecy attained by the sons [i.e., the disciples] of the prophets, as it is said, Eternal, open the eyes of these men etc.,¹⁸⁴II Kings 6:20. and in connection with Balaam himself it says, upon his seeing the angel, And the Eternal opened the eyes of Balaam.¹⁸⁵Above, 22:31. Now do not [be induced to] think otherwise than that which we have explained in this matter, because of the statement of our Rabbis who said in the Sifre:¹⁸⁶Sifre, Berachah, 357. “And there hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses.¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. In Israel there hath not arisen, but in the [other] nations of the world there has arisen. And who was he? It was Balaam. But there was a difference between the prophecy of Moses and that of Balaam, because Moses did not know about what G-d was going to speak to him [as will be explained further on], and Balaam knew about what He was going to speak to him, as it is said, The saying of him who heareth the words of G-d.¹⁷⁹Verse 4. Moses did not know when He would speak to him, as it is said, [then he heard the Voice] speaking unto him,¹⁸⁸Above, 7:89. and Balaam knew when He would speak to him, as it is said, and knoweth the knowledge of the Most High.¹⁸⁹Further, Verse 16. He spoke to Moses while he was standing, as it is said, But as for thee [Moses], ‘stand’ thou here by Me,¹⁹⁰Deuteronomy 5:28. and to Balaam He spoke when he was fallen down, as it is said, fallen down, yet with opened eyes.¹⁷⁹Verse 4. [The prophecy of Balaam may be] compared to the cook of a king, who knows what expenses the king has for [the food on] his table.”
The explanation of the meaning of this Beraitha¹⁹¹The teachings of the Sifre are considered Beraithoth. See in Vol. II, p. 133, Note 209, for fuller explanation of this term. is as follows: Scripture stated, And there hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses,¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. and our Rabbis explained that this verse does not come to declare the superiority of Moses’ prophecy over that of the other prophets, since Scripture has already informed us of his superiority over them in two places — in the verse, And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob by the Name ‘E-il Sha-dai’ (G-d Almighty), but by My Name, the Eternal, was I not known unto them,¹⁸³Exodus 6:3. and in the verse, If there be a prophet among you etc.¹⁹²Above, 12:6. But now [in speaking of Moses’ prophecy]¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. He did not say about Moses that he knew G-d, as Moses had requested, Show me now Thy ways, that I may know Thee,¹⁹³Exodus 33:13. for the verse there¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. does not say that “he knew G-d face to face,” but says: whom ‘the Eternal’ knew face to face,¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. because it is telling us an explanation of [the nature of] Moses’ prophecy. It is thus saying that to Moses our teacher [the Divine communication] used to come clearly, like one who speaks to his friend face to face,¹⁸⁷Deuteronomy 34:10. and tells him his words and his meaning until he sees from [the expression on] his face that he understands his words and his intention, and [indicates this] by saying so and by showing on his face that he recognizes what [his friend] wants. Thus the Rabbis [in the Sifre quoted above] said that Balaam had this [degree of prophecy only] when he prophesied in honor of Israel, for he fully understood the words of G-d and His intention and wish in all that was destined to happen to Israel. And even so there was still a difference between the prophecy of Moses and that of Balaam! For Moses did not know what He would tell him, and about what topic or which commandment He would speak to him, but he was ready at any time for the Divine communication, and the Holy One, blessed be He, would command him as He so desired. But Balaam had to concentrate and think about the [particular] matter which he wanted [G-d to speak to him about], and he would retire into solitude and prepare himself spiritually so that the [Divine] Spirit⁶³See Vol. I, p. 59, Note 237. See also ibid., pp. 228-231, where Ramban discusses at length the subject of angels in relation to prophecy. would come upon him, peradventure the Eternal will come to meet him, as is explicitly stated here [in our verse]. He knew [also] that if the Spirit were to come upon him, it would speak to him [only] about that subject which he had thought of, and not about any other matter. Furthermore, Moses did not know when He would speak to him, because he did not have any fixed time for the [Divine] communication, but whenever Moses wanted it and directed his mind towards [receiving] a Divine communication, He would speak to him; as Moses said, Stay ye, that I may hear what the Eternal will command concerning you,¹⁹⁴Above, 9:8. Although Moses had not been told in advance that G-d would speak to him, he knew that if he concentrated on receiving a Divine communication, he would surely receive one. and similarly whenever G-d wanted to command him from the Tent of Meeting,¹⁹⁵Leviticus 1:1. then he [Moses] heard the Voice speaking unto him.¹⁸⁸Above, 7:89. But Balaam knew how to determine the [exact] moment when he would have the [Divine] communication, and the Spirit would only rest upon him at that moment. Perhaps this is “the moment” that our Rabbis speak of in Tractate Berachoth¹⁹⁶Berachoth 7a. The Gemara there states that there is “one moment” every day when G-d, is angry, and Balaam knew precisely when that moment was. The anger is occasioned when the sun begins to shine “and the kings of the world put on their crowns and prostrate themselves to the sun.” — It is the Rabbis’ way of saying that the deification of nature by man occasions the displeasure of the Creator, for how could they change His glory for that which is His creation and tool! and in Tractate Sanhedrin,¹⁹⁷Sanhedrin 105b. The same text as in Berachoth 7a is also quoted there. and at that moment he [thought he] would utter the curse, and it was [only] at that moment that the Spirit would rest upon him, and never at any other time. Similarly the fact that Moses remained standing [during the Divine communication] indicates his superiority, whereas Balaam’s falling down denoted his inferiority, [implying] that he could not endure the prophecy, just as it says, if we hear the voice of the Eternal our G-d any more, then we shall die;¹⁹⁸Deuteronomy 5:22. Go thou near, and hear.¹⁹⁹Ibid., Verse 24. The Rabbis further said [in the Sifre quoted above]: “[The prophecy of Balaam may be] compared to the cook of a king, who knows etc.” [This comparison refers] to the first distinction [between Moses’ prophecy and that of Balaam, namely, that Moses did not know in advance about what G-d would speak to him, whereas Balaam did know], and the intention of the Rabbis thereby is to say that the cook knows what are the expenses of the [upkeep of the] king’s table, but his minister who is trusted in all his house²⁰⁰A reference to Moses. See above, 12:7. and knows his secrets, does not know the expenses of the household. This example indicates that the Sages’ intention was to say that Balaam himself knew, after concentrating [his intention on receiving a Divine communication], that G-d would tell him [to say]: How shall I curse, whom G-d hath not cursed?²⁰¹Above, 23:8. and the whole of the blessing [mentioned in the verses], and that afterwards he would hear the communication in [precisely] those words which he had thought of in his heart. This is, as I have mentioned,²⁰²Ibid., 22:5; 31. because he was a diviner, and thus future [events which would befall the people of Israel] would come into his heart [through divination]; but now on account of Israel he also heard the [Divine] utterance about them, and therefore he now prided himself, saying, The saying of him who heareth the words of G-d.¹⁷⁹Verse 4.
Now I have seen this same subject which is taught in the Sifre [quoted above] said in another form in the homiletics of Bamidbar Sinai Rabbah,²⁰³Bamidbar Rabbah 20:1. but there is no need for me to prolong [this subject]. The general idea is that the Sages intended to say that Balaam’s prophecy came to him in words which he clearly understood, and the reason for this was, as the Sages have said,²⁰³Bamidbar Rabbah 20:1. so that the nations of the world should not have an excuse to say: “If we had had a prophet like Moses, we would have served the Holy One, blessed be He.” But the degree of Balaam’s prophecy was [nonetheless] lower than that of the other prophets, because it was [only] by the ‘vision’ of the Almighty,¹⁷⁹Verse 4. as we have explained. And so also the Rabbis have said in Vayikra Rabbah:²⁰⁴Vayikra Rabbah 1:13. “The Holy One, blessed be He, only revealed Himself to the prophets of the [other] nations of the world with a half-communication,’ as it is said: ‘Vayikar Elokim’ (And G-d ‘happened to meet’ Balaam²⁰⁵Above, 23:4. [instead of saying ‘vayikra’ Elokim — and G-d ‘called’ to Balaam], but to the prophets of Israel [He revealed Himself] with a complete communication, as it is said: ‘Vayikra’ (And He called) unto Moses.”¹⁹⁵Leviticus 1:1. The meaning of [the expression] “a half-communication” you will understand from what we have explained [above].