משנה: אַבְנֵי כֶתֶף בָּאוֹת מִכָּל־מָקוֹם. וְהַקִּיבְּלָן מֵבִיאָן מִכָּל־מָקוֹם. וְאֵילּוּ הֵן אַבְנֵי כֶתֶף כָּל־שֶׁאֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לִינָּטֵל בְּאַחַת יַד דִבְרֵי רִבִּי מֵאִיר. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר אַבְנֵי כֶתֶף כִּשְׁמָן כָּל־שֶׁהֵן נִיטָּלוֹת שָׁלֹשׁ אוֹ שְׁתַּיִם עַל הַכֶּתֶף. הַבּוֹנֶה גֶדֶר בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים מוּתָּר לְהַעֲמִיק עַד הַסֶּלַע. מַה יַעֲשֶׂה בֶּעָפָר צוֹבְרוֹ בִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וּמַתְקִינוֹ דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. רִבִּי עֲקִיבָה אוֹמֵר כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁאֵין מְקַלְקְלִין בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים כָךְ לֹא יְתַקֵּן. מַה יַעֲשֶׂה בֶּעָפָר צוֹבְרוֹ בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ כְדֶרֶךְ הַמְּזַבְּלִין וְכֵן הַחוֹפֵר בּוֹר וְשִׁיחַ וּמְעָרָה. MISHNAH: Shoulder stones come from anywhere87Used for building, not for agriculture.. The contractor88According to Maimonides, a person who contracts for the upkeep of fields. According to R. Simson of Sens, a building contractor. According to R. Isaac Simponti, a contractor for building materials. The interpretations of RR. Simson and Isaac are preferable since all people in the contractor’s town know that he does not collect the stones to clean out a field. may bring them from anywhere. These are shoulder stones: Any which cannot be taken up with one hand, the words of Rebbi Meïr. Rebbi Yose says shoulder stones are what their name indicates; all that can be carried on the shoulder by three’s or two’s.
Somebody building a fence between his property and the public domain may dig down to the bedrock. What should he do with the soil? He makes heaps in the public domain and then uses it to improve [the public domain], the words of Rebbi Joshua. Rebbi Aqiba says, just as one may not damage the public domain, so one may not improve it. What should he do with the soil? He makes heaps on his own property in the way of those who manure89Three heaps of 150 seah each per bet seah.. The same rule applies to somebody digging a cistern, a ditch, or a cave.
הלכה: אַבְנֵי כֶתֶף בָּאוֹת מִכָּל־מָקוֹם אֲפִילוּ מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ וְהַקּוֹבְּלָן מֵבִיא מִכָּל־מָקוֹם אֲפִילוּ פָּחוֹת מֵאַבְנֵי כֶתֶף. HALAKHAH: “Shoulder stones come from anywhere,” even from his own [property] and “the contractor may bring from anywhere,” even smaller than shoulder stones.
רִבִּי חִייָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. הָא בֵינוֹ לְבֵין חֲבֵירוֹ אָסוּר בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. אֲבָל בְּמוֹעֵד אֲפִילוּ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים אָסוּר. בְּפִירְצָה שֶׁהִיא סָגָה אֶת הֶעָפָר אֲבָל בְּפִירְצָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ סָגָה אֶת הֶעָפָר מוּתָּר לְגוֹדְרָהּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. וְתַנֵּי כֵן כָּל־פִּירְצָה שֶׁהִיא סָגָה בֶּעָפָר אָסוּר לְגוֹדְרָהּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ סָגָה אֶת הֶעָפָר מוּתָּר לְגוֹדְרָהּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ מַכְשֶׁלֶת אֶת הָרַבִּים אֲבָל אִם הָֽיְתָה מַכְשֶׁלֶת אֶת הָרַבִּים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא סָגָה אֶת הֶעָפָר מוּתָּר לְגוֹדְרָהּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. Rebbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: They stated only “between his property and the public domain”; hence, between his own and his neighbor’s properties [building] is forbidden in the Sabbatical year. But on the intermediate days of a holiday, even between his property and the public domain it is forbidden. 91From here to the end of the paragraph, the text is also in Mo‘ed Qaṭan 1:4 (fol. 80c). About a breach that fences soil; but a breach that does not fence soil92If the wall between two private properties does not divide agricultural soil but stony ground or a road, it may be repaired in the Sabbatical year because this is not agricultural work. may be repaired in the Sabbatical year. We have stated so: “Any breach that fences soil one is forbidden to repair in the Sabbatical year; any breach that does not fence soil one may repair in the Sabbatical year.” That is, if it does not endanger the public, but if it endangers the public one may repair even if it does fence soil93While in general one does not sow too close to a public road, if a solid stone fence separates the field from the road, all land inside may be used for crops and repairing the fence is an agricultural activity unless the breach in the wall constitutes a danger for those on the public road..
כְּתִיב וְשָׂם דֶּרֶךְ אַרְאֶנּוּ בְּיֶשַׁע אֱלֹהִים. שַׁנְייָא הִיא הָכָא שֶׁהוּא תִיקּוּן וְסוֹפוֹ לְקִילְקוּל. דְּאָמַר רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ שָׁאוּל לֹא זָכָה לַמְּלוּכָה אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהָיָה זְקֵינוֹ מַדְלִיק נֵר לָרַבִּים נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ נֵר. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר וְנֵר הוֹלִיד אֶת קִישׁ. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר קִישׁ בֶּן אֲבִיאֵל. וַהֲלֹא אֲבִיאֵל הָיָה שְׁמוֹ אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהָיָה זְקֵינוֹ מַדְלִיק נֵרוֹ לָרַבִּים נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ נֵר. It is written (Ps. 50:23): “To him who makes a road I shall show the help of God.94This refers to the opinion of R. Aqiba that a private person may not make improvements in the public domain. The verse is explained in Lev. rabba 9(2), Tanḥuma Teẓawweh 9, to refer to those who install lighting on public roads at their own expense. Hence, improving the public domain is a meritorious deed. The text which proves this, from “Since R. Simeon …” to the end of the paragraph, is a slightly shortened version of the Midrash text.” There is a difference here, because this is an improvement which becomes a defect95Filling potholes with earth alone is only a temporary expedient that will lead to larger potholes the next rainy season.. Since Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, Saul merited the kingship only because his grandfather lit lights for the public; for that he was called “Ner”. One verse (1Chr. 8:33) says “Ner begot Qish.” Another verse (1S. 9:1) says “Qish the son of Abi’el.” Was not his name Abi’el? But his name became Ner because his grandfather lit lights for the public.
רִבִּי אָבוּן בָּעֵי עַד שֶׁלֹֹּא פָּֽסְקוּ עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדָה מַהוּ לִצְבּוֹר עָפָר בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ כְדֶרֶךְ הַמְּזַבְּלִים. Rebbi Abun asked: Before the agricultural workers stop, may one make heaps on his own property in the way of those who spread manure96Since “in the way of those who spread manure” implies that the work is done only after the end of the agricultural season, does this condition carry over to the case here where it makes no direct sense? Maimonides does not take up the problem.?