Jerusalem Talmud Pesachim 9:1

משנה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה טָמֵא אוֹ בְדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה וְלֹא עָשָׂה אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן יַעֲשֶׂה אֶת הַשֵּׁנִי. שָׁגַג אוֹ נֶאֱנַס וְלֹא עָשָׂה אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן יַעֲשֶׂה אֶת הַשֵּׁנִי. אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר טָמֵא אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה בְדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה שֶׁאֵלּוּ פְּטוּרִין מִן הַהִכָּרֵת וְאֵלּוּ חַייָבִין בַּהִכָּרֵת׃ MISHNAH: He who was impure or on a far trip and did not make the First shall make the Second¹A person impure and/or at a distance from Jerusalem on the afternoon of the 14^th of Nisan is obligated to bring a Pesaḥ on the 14^th of Iyar.. If in error or by force²He was pure and in Jerusalem on the 14th of Nisan but forcibly prevented from participating in a Pesaḥ. he did not make the First shall make the Second. If this is so, why was it said³Num. 9:9. impure or on a far trip? Because these are not liable for extirpation⁴The Second Pesaḥ is a positive commandment for which no penalties are indicated in case of omission, in contrast to the First whose intentional omission is a deadly sin implying extirpation. In contrast to the Babli (93b), the Yerushalmi does not expect that those who missed the First in error or by force are subject to extirpation if they intentionally miss the Second. but those are liable for extirpation.

הלכה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה טָמֵא כול׳. טָמֵ֣א ׀ לָנֶ֡פֶשׁ. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא טָמֵא לַנֶּפֶשׁ. אֲנוּסִּים אוֹ שׁוֹגְגִין מְנַיִין. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אִ֣ישׁ אִ֣ישׁ. [רִיבָה] עַד כְּדוֹן כְּרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. כְּרִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. לֹא טָמֵ֣א נֶפֶשׁ כַּהֲרֵי דֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה וְלֹא דֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה כַּהֲרֵי טָמֵ֣א נֶפֶשׁ. הַצַּד הַשָּׁוֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן יַעֲשֶׂה אֶת הַשֵּׂינִי. אַף אֲנִי אַרְבֶּה אֲנוּסִּין אוֹ שׁוֹגְגִין שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן יַעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַשֵּׂינִי. מֵזִיד מְנַיִין. אָמַר רִבִּי זְעוּרָה. וְהָאִישׁ֩ לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַמֵּזִיד. אֲנָן תַּנִּינָן. שָׁגַג אוֹ נֶאֱנַס. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי חִייָה. שָׁגַג אוֹ נֶאֱנַס אוֹ הֵזֵיד. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. מַתְנִיתָא אְֽמְרָה כֵן. שֶׁאֵילּוּ פְּטוּרִין מִן הַהִכָּרֵת וְאֵילּוּ חַייָבִין בַּהִכָּרֵת׃ מַה אִית לָךְ חַייָב בְּהִכָּרֵת. לֹא מֵזִיד. HALAKHAH: “He who was impure,” etc. Impure by a corpse⁵Num. 9:10., I not only have impure by a corpse, from where forced or in error? The verse says, every man, [it added]⁶Babli 93a.. So far following Rebbi Aqiba; following Rebbi Ismael? Rebbi Ismael stated, impure by a corpse is not equal to a far-away trip, nor is a far-away trip equal to impure by a corpse, what is common to them⁷This is the third hermeneutical principle of R. Ismael. Sifry Num. 69, Tosephta 8:2 (in the name of R. Aqiba); Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 9:10. is that he did not make the First and shall make the Second; also I am adding those forced or in error who did not make the First that they shall make the Second. Intentional from where? Rebbi Zeˋira said, but the man, to add the one acting intentionally⁸Num. 9:13: But the man who was pure.
This contradicts the position of R. Aqiba in the Tosephta, that both those impure by a corpse and those on a far trip are prevented from making the First Pesaḥ and therefore the third hermeneutical principle excludes the one who intentionally omitted the First even though he was pure and not far away. Cf. Babli 93a/b.. We have stated; “if in error or by force;” Rebbi Ḥiyya stated, “if in error, or by force, or intentional.⁹Tosephta 8:1.” Rebbi Yose said, the Mishnah implies this, “because these are not liable for extirpation but those are liable for extirpation;” who is subject to extirpation if not intentional?

טָמֵ֣א ׀ לָנֶ֡פֶשׁ. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא טָמֵ֣א ׀ לָנֶ֡פֶשׁ. טָמֵא זִיבָה וְטָמֵא צָרַעַת מְנַיִין. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר טָמֵא מֵת רִיבָה. מַה תַלְמוּד לוֹמַר טָמֵא נֶפֶשׁ. אֶלָּא אִישׁ טָמֵא נֶפֶשׁ נִדָּחִין לְפֶסַח שֵׁינִי. וְאֵין צִיבּוּר טָמֵא נֶפֶשׁ נִדְחֶה לְפֶסַח שֵׁינִי. טָמֵא זִיבָה וְטָמֵא צָרַעַת נִדָּחִין לְפֶסַח שֵׁינִי. טוּמְאַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה עָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ כְטָמֵא זִיבָה וְטָמֵא צָרַעַת. נִיתַּן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַבְּחִירָה. יָחִיד עוֹשֶׂה פֶסַח שֵׁינִי וְאֵין צִיבּוּר עוֹשִׂין פֶסַח שֵׁינִי. רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר. צִיבּוּר עוֹשֶׂה פֶסַח שֵׁינִי שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְחִזְקִיָּה שֶׁעָשָׂה פֶסַח שֵׁינִי. הָדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב כִּ֣י מַרְבִּ֣ית הָעָ֡ם רַ֠בַּת מֵֽאֶפְרַ֨יִם וּמְנַשֶּׁ֜ה וגו׳. Impure by a corpse. I have not only impure by a corpse; impure by genital discharge, impure by skin disease, from where? The verse says impure (by the dead)¹⁰This word should be deleted since there is no verse containing this expression. The argument is that while one would expect the accents to be טָמֵ֣א לָנֶ֡פֶשׁ “impure by a corpse,” the first word carries legarmeh, a dividing accent, טָמֵ֣א ׀ לָנֶ֡פֶשׁ, correctly translated “impure, [e. g.,] by a corpse.” Babli 93a, Sifry Num. 69., it added. Why does the verse say, impure by a corpse¹¹The argument is not really from this quote but from the entire first part of the verse: every single man who would be impure, by a corpse.? A man impure by a corpse is pushed to the Second Pesaḥ, but a public impure by the impurity of a corpse are not pushed to the Second Pesaḥ. Those impure by genital discharge or impure by skin disease are pushed to the Second Pesaḥ. They made the impurity of idolatry equal to the impure by genital discharge or impure by skin disease¹²As explained in the paragraph after the next.. If Israel had the possibility to build the Temple¹³If the Temple could be rebuilt after the 14^th of Nisan but before the 14^th of Iyar., individuals celebrate the Second Pesaḥ but the public does not celebrate the Second Pesaḥ. ¹⁴From here on, the text is from Nazir6:13 (Notes 83–109), Sanhedrin 1:2 (Notes 209–219). Rebbi Jehudah says, the public celebrates the Second Pesaḥ since we find that Hezekia celebrated the Second Pesaḥ. This is what is written, for most of the people from Ephraim and Manasse¹⁵2Chr. 30:18., etc.

אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. מְעַבְּרֵין אֶת הַשָּׁנָה מִפְּנֵי הַטּוּמְאָה. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. אֵין מְעַבְּרִין אֶת הַשָּׁנָה מִפְּנֵי הַטּוּמְאָה. מָאן דְּאָמַר אֵין מְעַבְּרִין אֶת הַשָּׁנָה מִפְּנֵי הַטּוּמְאָה. מַה מְקַייֵם כִּי־אָֽכְל֥וּ אֶת־הַפֶּ֖סַח בְּלֹ֣א כַכָּת֑וּב. שֶׁעִיבְּרוּ אֶת נִיסָן וְאֵינוֹ מְעוּבָּר אֶלָּא אֲדָר. וְאַתְייָא כַּיי דָּמַר רִבִּי סִימוֹן בַּר זַבְדִּי. גּוּלְגּוֹלְתּוֹ שֶׁלְאָרְנָן הַיְּבוּסִי מָֽצְאוּ תַּחַת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. Some Tannaïm state: One intercalates the year because of impurity¹⁶One does not intercalate a 13^th month to give people time to purify themselves in time for the Pesaḥ on the 14^th of Nisan.. Some Tannaïm state: One does not intercalate the year because of impurity. He who says, one does not intercalate, how does he uphold: for they ate the Passover contrary to what is written¹⁷2Chr. 30:18. Hezeqiah celebrated Pesaḥ a month late; that is exactly what Scripture prescribes for impure individuals.? They intercalated in Nisan but only Adar can be intercalated. This follows what Rebbi Simon bar Zavdi said: they found the skull of Ornan the Yebusite under the altar¹⁸This statement is from Soṭah 5:2, Note 90; it must refer to the construction of the altar by Solomon. Hezekiah moved the month because the Temple was not usable in Nisan since similarly the Temple was found to be a “tent” over human bones and thus impure. Ornan was the original owner of the Temple Mount (1Chr. 21:18–26); the text does not imply that Gentiles create tent impurity. Babli Sanhedrin 12a..

כְּתִיב וַיָּחֵלּוּ בְּאֶחָ֞ד לַחוֹדֶשׁ הָֽרִאשׁוֹן֘ לְקַדֵּשׁ֒ וּבְי֧וֹם שְׁמוֹנָ֣ה לַחוֹדֶשׁ. וַהֲלֹא בְיוֹם אֶחָד הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לְבָעֵר כָּל־עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁהָיָה שָׁם. אָמַר רִבִּי אִידִי. מִפְּנֵי צַלְמֵי כַשְׂדִּים שֶׁהָיוּ חֲקוּקִים בַּשָּׁשַׁר. כְּתִיב כָּל־לְבָב֣וֹ הֵכִ֔ין לִדְר֛וֹשׁ הָֽאֱלֹהִ֥ים ׀ יְי֖ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבוֹתָ֑יו רִבִּי סִימוֹן בַּר זַבְדִּי וְרִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי. חַד אָמַר. אֲפִילוֹ עָשָׂה כַמָּה בְטָהֳרַת הַקֹּדֶשׁ לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי טָהֳרַת הַקֹּדֶשׁ. וְחוֹרָנָה אָמַר. אֲפִילוּ כָּל־מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁעָשָׂה לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי טָהֳרַת הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. It is written¹⁹2Chr. 29:17. They finished cleansing the Temple of idolatry on the 16^th.: They started on the first of the first month, and on the eighth day …. Could they not have eliminated all idolatry from there in one day? Rebbi Idi said, because of Chaldean idols which were engraved in vermilion. It is written²⁰2Chr.30:19. The verse ends: except for the Temple’s purity.: With all his heart he prepared himself to seek the Eternal, the God of his forefathers. Rebbi Simon bar Zavdi and Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman: One said, with all he did for the purity of the Temple, he did not fully establish the purity of the Temple. One said, with all the good works he did, he did not fully do his duty for the purity of the Temple.

שִׁשָּׁה דְבָרִים עָשָׂה חִזְקִיָּהוּ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה. עַל שְׁלֹשָׁה הוֹדוּ לוֹ וְעַל שְׁלֹשָׁה לֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. וְאֵילּוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה שֶׁהוֹדוּ לוֹ. כִּיתֵּת נְחַשׁ הַנְּחוֹשֶׁת וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. גִּירֵר עַצְמוֹת אָבִיו עַל מִיטָּה שֶׁלְחֲבָלִים וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. גָנַז טַבֶּלָּה שֶׁלְּרְפוּאוֹת וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. וְאֵילּוּ שֶׁלֹּא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. קִיצֵּץ דַּלְתּוֹת הַהֵיכָל וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. סָתַם אֶת מוֹצָא מֵימֵי גִיחוֹן וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. עִיבֵּר נִיסָן בְּנִיסָן. וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. Six things did Hezekiah, the King of Judea, do; with three they agreed, with three they did not agree²¹This is the last Mishnah in Chapter 4 of the Babli; Maimonides in his Mishnah commentary declares it to be a Tosephta (cf. 8:5). Babli 56a, Berakhot 10b, Sanhedrin47a.. For the following they agreed with him. He smashed the bronze snake²²The bronze snake made by Moses, 2K.18:4. “They” are the Heavenly Court. and they agreed with him. He dragged his father’s bones on a bier of ropes²³He buried him in an undignified way to atone for his sins. The basis is a note in 2Chr. 28:27 that Aḥaz was not buried in the kings’ graves, contradicting 2K. 16:20., and they agreed with him. He hid the table of medicines²⁴According to Maimonides a book of magical remedies., and they agreed with him. For the following they disagreed with him. He cut down the Temple doors²⁵2K. 18:16; to pay tribute to Assyria. and they disagreed with him. He enclosed the upper Giḥon spring²⁶It seems that they did not connect 2Chr.32:30 with 2K. 20:20. The statement is denied in Avot dR. Nathan A, Chapter 2., and they disagreed with him. He intercalated Nisan in Nisan²⁷As explained in the preceding paragraph, the celebration of Passover was wrong from beginning to end; the intercalation would have to precede Nisan, celebration, and if it was Iyar it should not be a mass celebration.; and they disagreed with him.

הָיָה הַצִּיבּוּר חֶצְייָם זָבִים וְחֶצְייָן טְמֵאִין. רַב אָדָא בַּר אֲהָבָה אָמַר. זָבִין נַעֲשִׂין אֶצֶל טְמֵאִין כִּטְמֵאִין אֶצֶל טְהוֹרִין. אֵינָן עוֹשִׂין זָבִין נִדָּחִין לְפֶסַח שֵׁינִי. רַב חוּנָה אָמַר. אֵין תַּשְׁלוּמִין לַפֶּסַח הַבָּא בְטוּמְאָה. If the public was half suffering from gonorrhea and half impure. Rav Ada bar Aḥava said, the sufferers from gonorrhea relate to the impure as the impure relate to the pure. They do not make it; the sufferers from gonorrhea are pushed to the Second Pesaḥ. Rav Ḥuna said, there is no make-up for Pesaḥ celebrated in impurity²⁸While sufferers from gonorrhea (and in general, all people whose impurity is generated by their own body) are impure and excluded from the sanctuary, only people impure in the impurity of the dead are counted in determining whether Pesaḥ is celebrated in impurity. The only difference is that in this case, where everybody is impure, the impure celebrate Pesaḥ in impurity if they make up 50% of the population, not 50%+2, and the healed sufferers from gonorrhea and similar impurity then may celebrate the Second. Cf. Halakhah 7:6, Note 154/.

הָיָה הַצִּיבּוּר רּוּבָּן טְהוּרִין וּמיעוטָן טְמֵאִין. וּמֵתוּ מִן הַטְּהוֹרִים בֵּין שְׁחִיטָה לִזְרִיקָה. אַחַר מִי אַתְּ מְהַלֵּךְ. אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה [אוֹ] אַחַר זְרִיקָה. אִין תֵּימַר. אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה. אֵינָן עוֹשִׂין בְּטוּמְאָה. אִין תֵּימַר. אַחַר זְרִיקָה. עוֹשִׂים בְּטוּמְאָה. הָיָה הַצִּיבּוּר רּוּבָּן טְמֵאִין וּמיעוטָן טְהוּרִין. וּמֵתוּ מִן הַטְּמֵאִים בֵּין שְׁחִיטָה לִזְרִיקָה. אַחַר מִי אַתְּ מְהַלֵּךְ. אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה אוּ אַחַר זְרִיקָה. אִין תֵּימַר. אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה. עוֹשִׂין בְּטוּמְאָה. אִין תֵּימַר. אַחַר זְרִיקָה. אֵינָן עוֹשִׂין בְּטוּמְאָה. If most of the public were pure but a minority impure²⁹Impure in the impurity of the dead., and some of the pure died between slaughter and pouring. After what are you going? Slaughter [or] pouring? If you are saying after slaughter, one does not celebrate in impurity; if you are saying after pouring, one celebrates in impurity. If most of the public were impure but a minority pure, and of the impure died between slaughter and pouring. After what are you going? Slaughter or pouring? If you are saying after slaughter, one celebrates in impurity; if you are saying after pouring, one does not celebrate in impurity³⁰Since the case cannot happen, no answer is required..