משנה: מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לִמְכּוֹר בְּהֵמָה דַקָּה לַגּוֹיִם מוֹכְרִין. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לִמְכּוֹר אֵין מוֹכְרִין. וְאַל יְשַׁנֶּה אָדָם מִפְּנֵי הַמַּחֲלוֹקֶת. וּבְכָל־מָקוֹם אֵין מוֹכְרִין לָהֶן בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה עֲגָלִים וּסְייָחִים שְׁלֵימִין וּשְׁבוּרִין. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה מַתִּיר בַּשְּׁבוּרָה. בֶּן בְּתֵירָה מַתִּיר בַּסּוּס׃ MISHNAH: At a place where they used to sell small cattle to Gentiles one sells70At places where sheep and goats are not sacrificed in pagan rites.; at a place where they used not to sell one does not sell; nobody should change this because of controversy71Even if the situation changes one should not change old usage since this will destroy communal peace.. Nowhere does one sell to them large animals, calves, and donkey foals, whole or damaged72Cattle and donkeys were used as animals for work and beasts of burden. Belonging to Jews, these animals have a right to rest on the Sabbath. If they are sold to Gentiles, the seller deprives them of this right; depending on circumstances this might be counted as violation of the Sabbath by the seller. Calves and foals do not work but are raised for work.. Rebbi Jehudah permits damaged ones; Ben Bathyra permits horses73In antiquity horses were used only for riding, not for work. Even if the horse is used for hunting, he holds that transporting live animals or birds is not a breach of biblical Sabbath law.
Missnah and Halakhah are also in Avodah zarah 1:6, where the different readings are noted. It is difficult to determine which text is original..
הלכה: מוּתָּר לְגַדֵּל. אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא. כְּגוֹן מָהִיר שֶׁהוּא שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר מִיל עַל שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר מִיל. הֲווֹן בָּעֵיי מֵימַר. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מוּתָּר לִמְכּוֹר. מוּתָּר לְייַחֵד. מָאן דָּמַר. אָסוּר לִמְכּוֹר אָסוּר לְייַחֵד. רִבִּי יוֹנָה רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר בְּשֵׁם רַב. וַאֲפִילוּ כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר. מוּתָּר לִמְכּוֹר. אָסוּר לְיַיחֵד. מַה בֵין לִמְכּוֹר מַה בֵין לְייַחֵד. תַּמָּן מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא מוֹכְרָהּ לוֹ כִּבְהֶמְתּוֹ שֶׁלְּגוּי הִיא. בְּרַם הָכָא בְּהֶמְתּוּ שֶׁלְּיִשְׂרָאֵל הִיא וְהוּא חָשׁוּד עָלֶיהָ. HALAKHAH: Is it permitted to raise them74Since it is forbidden to raise sheep and goats in the Land of Israel (Mishnah Bava qamma 7:10, Note 97), from where does one get them to sell them to a Gentile?? Rebbi Abba said, for example Mahir which is sixteen by sixteen mil75The Mishnah permits to raise goats and sheep in places unfit for agriculture. Mahir is described in Eccl. rabba 1(34) as situated in the domain of the tribe of Reuben in Trans jordan, a country of sheep and goats (Num. 32:4 ). B. Z. Lurie (Sinai 83, 1978, pp. 24-29 finds Mahir in the Syrian village of Mahin, on the via Diocletiana from Syria to Iraq, on the border of the desert.. They wanted to say, he who said it is permitted to sell [says] it is permitted to leave it alone. But he who says, it is forbidden to sell [says] it is forbidden to leave it alone76Gentiles are suspected of bestiality (Mishnah Avodah zarah 2:1).. Rebbi Jonah, Rebbi Eleazar in the name of Rav77In the Babli, Avodah zarah 14b/15a, this is R. Eleazar’s statement opposing Rav.: Even one who says it is permitted to sell it [says] it is forbidden to leave it alone. What is the difference between selling and leaving alone? There, because he intends to sell it to him it is like the Gentile’s animal. But here it is the Jew’s animal and he is suspected about it.
מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לִמְכּוֹר אֵין מוֹכְרִין. לָמָּה. שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָהּ מִידֵי גִיזָה. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ שֶׁהָֽיְתָה עֵז. שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָהּ מִידֵי בְכוֹרָה. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ שֶׁהָיָה זָכָר. שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאוֹ מִידֵי מַתָּנוֹת. מֵעַתָּה חִיטִּין אַל יִמְכּוֹר לֹו. שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָן מִידֵי חַלָּה. יַיִן וְשֶׁמֶן אַל יִמְכּוֹר לוֹ. שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָן מִידֵי בְרָכָה. “At a place where they used not to sell one does not sell.” Why? Because he eliminates the duty of shearing78The first wool of shearing sheep should be given to a Cohen, Deuteronomy.18.4">Deut. 18:4. But goats are not raised for wool and are included in the prohibition.. Think of it, if it was a goat! Because he eliminates the duty of the first-born79Which must be given to a Cohen, Deuteronomy.15.19">Deut. 15:19. But a male animal does not bear lambs and also is included in the prohibition.. Think of it, if it was a male! Because he eliminates the gifts80The parts of the animal to be given to a Cohen, Deuteronomy.18.3">Deut. 18:3.. Then one should not sell wheat to him because he eliminates the duty of ḥallah; then one should not sell wine and oil to him because he eliminates the duty of benedictions81Which are pronounced before and after food, as described in the later Chapters of Tractate Berakhot.
The problem treated here is that in the next paragraph it is stated that one does not sell large animals to Gentiles because of problems with the laws of the Sabbath. Therefore one is inclined to say that the prohibitions of Mishnah Avodah zarah 1:5 are because of pagan worship and those of our Mishnah, which also is Mishnah Avodah zarah 1:6, because of Jewish worship. It is shown that this does not hold; the first part of the Mishnah is about pagan worship, about places where sheep or goats are sacrificed by pagans; only the second part is about Jewish matters..
בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֵין מוֹכְרִין לָהֶן בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה. מַה בֵין גַּסָּה מַה בֵין בְּהֵמָה דַקָּה. בְּהֵמָה גָסָּה יֵשׁ בָּהּ חִיּוּב חַטָּאת. בְּהֵמָה דַקָּה אֵין בָּהּ חִיּוּב חַטָּאת. וְאֵינוֹ חוֹלֵב וְאֵינוּ גוֹזֵז. תַּמָּן הוּא מִתְחַייֵב. בְּרַם הָכָא הִיא מִתְחַייֶבֶת. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהוּא מוֹכְרָהּ לוֹ לֹא בְהֶמְתּוֹ שֶׁלְּגוֹי הִיא. אָמַר רִבִּי אִימִּי בַּבְלָייָא בְשֵׁם רַבָּנִין דְּתַמָּן. פְּעָמִים שֶׁהוּא מוֹכְרָהּ לוֹ לְנִיסָּיוֹן. וְהוּא מַחֲזִירָהּ לוֹ לְאַחַר ג׳ יָמִים. וְנִמְצָא עוֹבֵר עֲבֵירָה בִבְהֶמְתּוֹ שֶׁלְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. מֵעַתָּה לְנִיסָּיוֹן אָסוּר. שֶׁלֹּא לְנִיסָּיוֹן מוּתָּר. זוֹ מִפְּנֵי זוֹ. “Nowhere does one sell large animals to them.” What is the difference between large and small animals? For a large animal there might be an obligation for a purification offering82If the Gentile does work with the Jew’s animal on the Sabbath, it is a violation of the Sabbath by biblical standards.; for a small animal there can be no obligation for a purification offering. But does he not shear, does he not milk? There he is liable; here would it be liable83It is clear that shearing a sheep on the Sabbath is a violation of biblical law (Mishnah Šabbat 7:2). The Yerushalmi holds that milking a goat also is a biblical prohibition. But giving the animal rest on the Sabbath in an obligation of the owner; he is liable even if another person does the work with his consent. But the Gentile who shears or milks the animal violates no prohibition; since the animal is passive the owner also does not violate any biblical statute.? But if it is sold, is it not the Gentile’s animal? The Babylonian Rebbi Immi84A Babylonian who immigrated to Galilee in the generation after R. Immi the Galilean. In the Babli Avodah zarah 15a he is called Rami ben Rebbi Yeva. in the name of the rabbis there: Sometimes he sells it on trial and returns it after three days, then it turns out that he did forbidden work with the Jew’s animal85If the Gentile takes the animal on Friday and returns it on Sunday he will have worked with it on the Sabbath with the agreement of the Jew who it turns out still is the owner.. Then on trial it should be forbidden, not on trial permitted. One is because of the other86This is a rabbinic “fence around the law,” far from biblical prohibitions..
עָבַר וּמָכַר קוֹנְסִין בּוֹ. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁקּוֹנְסִין לַהֲלָכָה כָּךְ קוֹנְסִין לְמִנְהָג. מְנַיִין שֶׁקּוֹנְסִין בּוֹ לְמִנְהָג. חַד בַּר נַשׁ זְבִין גְּמָלָא לְחַד אֲרָמָאֵי. אֲתַא עוֹבְדָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ וּקְנָסֵיהּ בְכִיפְּלֵה בְּגִין דְּיַיחְזֵר לֵיהּ גְּמָלָא. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. לְסִרְסוּר קָֽנְסוּ וַהֲווֹן צְווָחִין לֵיהּ בְּרָא דִמְסַרְסֵר לָאֲרָמָאָה. מַה. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ כְּרִבִּי יוּדָה. דְּתַנֵּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוּדָה. הַלּוֹקֵח בְּהֵמָה מִן הַגּוֹי וְיָֽלְדָה בְּכוֹר. מַעֲלֶה עִמּוֹ בְשָׁוֶה וְנוֹתֵן חֲצִי דָמִים לַכֹּהֵן. נְתָנָהּ לוֹ בְקַבָּלָה. מַעֲלֶה עִמּוֹ אֲפִילוּ עֶשֶׂר דָּמִים בְּשָׁווֶה וְנוֹתֵן כָּל־הַדָּמִים לַכֹּהֵן. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים. הוֹאִיל וְאֶצְבַּע הַגּוֹי בָאֶמְצַע נִפְטְרָה מִן הַבְּכוֹרָה. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ כְּרִבִּי יוּדָה. וְרָבָה מִן דְּרִבִּי יוּדָה. מַה דְּאָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָה מִשֵּׁם הִילְכוֹת בְּכוֹרָה. מַה דְאָמַר רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ מִשּׁוּם הִילְכוֹת בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה. If he transgressed and sold one fines him. Just as one fines for practice so one fines for custom. From where that one fines for custom? A person sold his camel to an Aramean87A Gentile. While “Gentile” is used to emphasize the pagan character of a person, “Aramean” simply characterizes him as Non-Jew.. The case came before Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish who fined him double to make him take back the camel. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, they fined the broker and called him son who brokers to an Aramean. Does Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish follow Rebbi Jehudah88Could R. Simeon ben Laqish act against accepted practice in this case?? As it was stated in the name of Rebbi Jehudah89Bekhorot 2:1" href="/Tosefta_Bekhorot.2.1">Tosephta Bekhorot 2:1, Bekhorot.2b">Babli Bekhorot2b.: “If somebody buys an animal from a Gentile and it gave birth to a firstling, he buys it up to its worth and gives half of its worth to a Cohen. If it was given to him as contractor, he has to pay for up to ten times its worth and gives all of its worth to the Cohen. But the Sages say, since the finger of the Gentile in involved it is no longer liable as firstling90Undisputed practice follows the Sages, cf. Pesachim 4:3:6" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Pesachim.4.3.6">Note 94..” Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish follows Rebbi Jehudah and says more than Rebbi Jehudah. What Rebbi Jehudah said because of the practice of firstlings; but what Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said because of practice regarding a large animal91The two cases have nothing in common..
רִבִּי יוּדָה מַתִּיר בַּשְּׁבוּרָה. לֹא אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָה אֶלָּא בַּשְּׁבוּרָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לִהִתְרַפְּאוֹת. אָֽמְרוּ לוֹ. וַהֲרֵי מֵבִיאִין לָהּ זָכָר וְנִרְבַּעַת מִמֶּנּוּ. אָמַר לָהֶן. אַף אֲנִי לֹא אָמַרְתִּי אֶלָּא בְשָׁבוּר [זָכָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהִתְרַפְּאוֹת]. אָֽמְרוּ לוֹ. וַהֲרֵי מֵבִיאִין לוֹ נְקֵיבָה וְהוּא רוֹבְעָהּ וְהִיא יוֹלֶדֶת. רַב אַבּוּן בְּשֵׁם רַבָּנִין דְּתַמָּן. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת שֶׁאָסוּר לְהַמְצִיא לָהֶן זֶרַע. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. הַלּוֹקֵחַ עוּבַּר חֲמוֹרוֹ שֶׁלְּנָכְרִי. הַמּוֹכֵר לוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי. הַמִּשְׁתַּתֵּף לוֹ. וְהַמְקַבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ. וְהַנּוֹתֵן לוֹ בְקַבָּלָה פָּטוּר מִן הַבְּכוֹרָה. רִבִּי חַגַּיי בְעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. לֵית הָדָא אָֽמְרָה שֶׁאָסוּר לְהַמְצִיא לָהֶן עבדים. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כְּבָר קְדָמָךְ רִבִּי אַבּוּן. דָּמַר רִבִּי אַבּוּן בְּשֵׁם רַבָּנִין דְּתַמָּן. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת שֶׁאָסוּר לְהַמְצִיא לָהֶן זֶרַע. “Rebbi Jehudah permits damaged ones.” Rebbi Jehudah said this only for a damaged one which cannot be healed92To ever work again.. They told him, may they not bring a male to her, she is fertilized and gives birth? He said to them, I also said this only about a male damaged one which cannot be healed. They told him, may they not bring a female to him, he fertilizes her and she gives birth? Rav Abun in the name of the rabbis there: This implies that one is forbidden to provide them with semen93Since the argument of the rabbis has nothing to do with Sabbath prohibitions.
The Babli, Avodah zarah 16a and Bekhorot.2b">Bekhorot2b, disagrees and reports that R. Jehudah denies that a disabled cow will accept a male.. There94Bekhorot 1:1" href="/Mishnah_Bekhorot.1.1">Mishnah Bekhorot 1:1., we have stated: “If somebody buys a Non-Jew’s donkey fetus or who sells one to him even though he is not authorized, or one who enters into partnership, or accepts from him as contractor, or lets it in contract, is not liable for firstling.” Rebbi Haggai asked before Rebbi Yose, does this95The note that one is not authorized to sell a pregnant animal to a Gentile. not imply that one is forbidden to provide them with (slaves) [fetuses]96The word עבדים “slaves” in the Leiden ms. is a scribal error for עוּבָּרִין “fetuses” in G and Avodah zarah.? He said to them, Rebbi Abun in the name of the rabbis there already preceded you, since Rebbi Abun said in the name of the rabbis there, this implies that one is forbidden to provide them with semen.
בֶּן בְּתֵירָה מַתִּיר בַּסּוּס׃ לֹא אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָה אֶלָּא בְסוּס זָכָר שֶׁהוּא הוֹרֵג [בְּעָלָיו] בַּמִּלְחָמָה. יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים. שֶׁהוּא רָץ אַחַר נְקֵיבָה. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים. שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד וּמַשְׁתִּין. מַה נְפַק מִן בֵּינֵיהוֹן. הַסָּרִיס. מָאן דְּאָמַר. שֶׁהוּא רָץ אַחַר הַנְּקֵיבָה. [זֶה] אֵינוּ רָץ אַחַר נְקֵיבָה. מָאן דָּמַר. שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד וּמַשְׁתִּין. אַף הוּא עוֹמֵד וּמַשְׁתִּין. דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. רִבִּי אָחָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חִייָה. לִכְשֶׁיַּזְקִין הוּא כוֹדְנוֹ בָרֵיחַייִם. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חוּנָה. בֶּן בְּתֵירָה וְרִבִּי נָתָן אָֽמְרוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד. דְּתַנֵּי. הוֹצִיא בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה וְעוֹפוּת. בֵּין חַיִּים בֵּין מֵתִים חַייָב. רִבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר. מֵתִים חַייָב. חַיִּין פָּטוּר. רַבָּנִין אִית לְהוֹן מִשּׁוּם חִיּוּב חַטָּאת. וְאִינּוּן מְתִיבִין לֵיהּ הָכֵין. כְּשִׁיטָּתוֹ הֵשִׁיבוּהוּ. כְּשִׁיטָּתָךְ שֶׁאַתְּ אוֹמֵר. מִשּׁוּם הִילְכוֹת בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה. אוֹף אֲנָן אִית לָן. לִכְשֶׁיַּזְקִין הוּא כוֹדְנוֹ בָרֵיחַיִים. רִבִּי אוֹמֵר. אוֹמֵר אֲנִי שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר מִשּׁוּם שְׁנֵי דְבָרִים. מִשּׁוּם כְּלֵי זַיִין וּמִשּׁוּם הִילְכוֹת בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה. וְתַנֵּי כֵן. חַיָּה גַסָּה כִבְהֵמָה גַסָּה. מָאן תַּנִּיתָהּ. רִבִּי. דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. רִבִּי בִּיסְנָא חָנִין בַּר בָּא בְשֵׁם רַב. חַיָּה גַסָּה כִבְהֵמָה דַקָּה. “Ben Bathyra permits horses.” Rebbi Jehudah97R. Jehudah ben Bathyra. said this only about a male horse because it kills [its owner] in war. Some say, because it runs after a female, and some say, because it stands still to urinate98At this moment the horse will not obey its master and therefore be dangerous.. What is between them? A gelding. He who says because it runs after a female, [this one] does not run after a female. He who says because it stands still to urinate, this one also stands still to urinate. Rebbi Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Tanḥum bar Ḥiyya: If it gets old he binds it to the grindstone99Then it is used like a beast of burden and the same restriction may apply as to the sale of cattle. Babli Avodah zarah 16a.. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun in the name of Rebbi Ḥuna: Ben Bathyra and Rebbi Nathan both said the same100For the laws of Sabbath. Everybody agrees that “a living person carries himself’; it is permitted to carry a human baby from private to public domains. The rabbis restrict this to humans; R. Nathan explicitly and Ben Bathyra implicitly (Pesachim 4:3:1" href="/Jerusalem_Talmud_Pesachim.4.3.1">Note 73) extend the rule to animals. Shabbat.94a">Babli Šabbat 94a., as it was stated101Tosephta Šabbat 8:34 Shabbat.94a">Babli Šabbat94a.: “If he carried domestic animals, wild animals, or birds, whether alive or dead, he is liable. Rebbi Nathan says, dead he is liable, alive he is not liable.” The rabbis hold that he is liable for a purification sacrifice and they answer him so102Why do they object because of the use of old horses which only implies a violation of rabbinic rules but not to the possible use of a younger horse in hunting, which would violate biblical rules? It seems clear that in contrast to the Babli, the Yerushalmi does not consider riding on a horse on a Sabbath or a holiday as a violation.? They answer following his own argument. Following your argument, since you are saying because of rabbinic Sabbath prohibition, also we hold that if it gets old he binds it to the grindstone. Rebbi says, I am saying that it is forbidden for two reasons, as a weapon103Which makes the seller of the weapon an accessory to murder before the fact. Pesachim.16a">Babli 16a. and as a large animal. It was stated so: A large wild animal is like a large domestic animal104A horse is considered a tamed wild animal, not domesticated by nature.. Who stated this? Rebbi. The words of the Sages: Rebbi Bisna, Ḥanin bar Abba in the name of Rav105The Genizah text has the statement in the name of Rebbi Ḥiyya, Rav’s uncle and foremost teacher.: A wild animal is like a small105The Genizah text has the statement in the name of Rebbi Ḥiyya, Rav’s uncle and foremost teacher. domestic animal.