משנה: קוֹנָם יַיִן שֶׁאֵינִי טוֹעֵם הַשָּׁנָה נִתְעַבְּרָה הַשָּׁנָה אָסוּר בָּהּ וּבְעִיבּוּרָהּ. עַד רֹאשׁ אֲדָר עַד רֹאשׁ אֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן. עַד סוֹף אֲדָר עַד סוֹף אֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן. MISHNAH: ‘A qônām that I shall not taste wine this year’, if the year became intercalary he is forbidden it and its intercalary month. ‘Until the start of Adar’, until the first of First Adar; ‘until the end of Adar’, until the end of First Adar74Cf. Halakhah 1, Note 12..
הלכה: הָדָא אָֽמְרָה. נִיסַן רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לִנְדָרִים. תִּשְׁרֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לִנְדָרִים. שֶׁלֹֹּא תֹאמַר. יַעֲלֶה רֹאשׁ חוֹדֶשׁ אֲדָר תַּחַת אֶלּוּל וִיהֵא מוּתָּר בְּאֶלּוּל. לְפוּם כֵּן צָרַךְ מֵימַר אָסוּר בָּהּ וּבְעִיבּוּרָהּ. HALAKHAH: 79This is from Halakhah 1 and refers to Mishnah 7. Does this imply that Nisan is the beginning of the year as far as vows are concerned14Cf. Mishnah Roš Haššanah 1:1. Nisan is biblically counted as the first month and Tishre as the seventh, but in Second Temple practice the year always started in the fall with the first day of Tishre. One does not discuss here the problem of the several calendars of the monarchical period.
Since the Mishnah states that “he is forbidden during the year and its intercalary month”, it seems that the year must be counted from Nisan since, if it were counted from Tishre, the intercalary month would be in the middle of the year and it should be obvious that the person imposes a continuous prohibition on himself.? Tishre is is the beginning of the year as far as vows are concerned. That you should not say, the beginning of Adar should compensate for Ellul and he would be permitted in Ellul15If a person said, I shall not drink wine for a year, it would imply a prohibition for 12 months. But since he said, this year, the prohibition lasts either 12 or 13 months, as the case may be. The statement of the intercalary month is made to underline the difference between “a year” of twelve months and “this year” of possibly 13 months. If somebody says on New Year’s Day of an intercalary year that he will not drink wine for a year, he will in effect be permitted to drink wine on the first of the coming Ellul. But for this year, he has to observe the additional intercalary month without compensation.; therefore, it was necessary to say that “he is forbidden it and its intercalary [month]”.
רִבִּי אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי אִילָא. וְהוּא שֶׁנָּדַר וְאַחַר כֵּן עִיבְּרוּ. אֲבָל אִם עִיבְּרוּ וְאַחַר כֵּן נָדַר לֹא בְדָא. לְעִנְייָן שְׂכַר בָּתִּים לֹא שַׁנְייָא. זֶה אוֹמֵר. אֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן. וְזֶה אוֹמֵר. אֲדָר הַשֵּׁינִי. יְחַלְּקוּ חֹדֶשׁ הָעִיבּוּר. אִיתָא חֲמִי. לִנְדָרִים לֵית אַתְּ חָשֵׁישׁ וּלְמָמוֹן אַתְּ חָשֵׁשׁ. אָמַר רִבִּי הִילָא. וְהֵן שֶׁעִיבְּרוּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִשְׂכִּיר. אֲבָל הִשְׂכִּיר וְאַחַר כָּךְ עִיבְּרוּ לֹא בְדָא. וּלְעִנְייָן שְׁטָרוֹת כּוֹתְבִין בָּאֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן וּבְאֲדָר הַשֵּׁינִי. אְלָּא שֶׁכּוֹתְבִין אֲדָר הַשֵּׁינִי. תִּינְייָן. רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר אֲדָר הַשֵּׁינִי כּוֹתֵב תָּׄי״ו וְדַיּוֹ. Rebbi Abin in the name of Rebbi Hila: That is only if he vowed before they intercalated. But if they intercalated and then he vowed, that is not so80If he knew that there would be a Second Adar and he vowed until the end of Adar, that means the end of the Second Adar. The Babli, 63a/b, differentiates between whether the vower knew that the year would have an intercalary month or whether he did not know (in the absence of a published calendar).. Is it no different for rent of houses81If the house was let for a year. Does this mean 12 months if at the time of the contract it was not declared that the next year would have 13 months?? If one said, the First Adar, and the other one says, the Second Adar, they should split the intercalary month82The parties come before the court in matters of a lease that was not supported by a written contract. The owner claims to have leased the house for 12 months, the renter claims it was for a year. Monetary disputes which cannot be decided because there are no documents are resolved by splitting the difference, Mishnah Baba Meṣi‘a 1:1.. Come and see, for vows you have no problem but for money matters you have a problem? Rebbi Hila said, that is, if they intercalated and after that he leased. But if he leased and after that they intercalated, that is not so83The standard lease contract for rental property is one year. In the absence of proof to the contrary, one follows the standard contract.. And in matters of documents one writes First Adar, Second Adar, only that for Second Adar one writes תניין84The Aramaic version; the Babli agrees in the name of R. Jehudah (63a). According to R. Jehudah, a mention of אדר ת̇ is documentary proof of a reference to Second Adar. The latter statement is missing in the Babli.. Rebbi Jehudah says, for Second Adar one writes ת̇ and that is enough.