משנה: עָרִיס שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא מִן הַמַּדְרֵגָה. רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֶר אִם עוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ וּבוֹצֵר אֶת כּוּלּוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה אוֹסֵר אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בַּשָּׂדֶה וְאִם לָאו אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר אֶלָּא כְנֶגְדּוֹ. רִבִּי לִעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר אַף הַנּוֹטֵעַ אַחַת בָאָרֶץ וְאַחַת בַּמַּדְרֵגָה אִם גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים אֵינָהּ מִצְטָרֶפֶת עִמָּהּ וְאִם לָאו הֲרֵי זוֹ מִצְטָרֶפֶת עִמָּהּ. MISHNAH: A trellis coming from a terrace. Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says, if someone standing on the ground can harvest all [vines] then it forbids four cubits in the field; otherwise it only forbids around it19The rules of the trellis apply only if the harvest can be conducted in one plane; otherwise, the different parts planted on different levels are considered separate and its vines will have the status of isolated ones unless on each level there is a full trellis.. Rebbi Eliezer says20In the opinion of R. David ben Zimra, the name should be deleted and the statement taken as anonymous Mishnah, since, in the discussion in the second paragraph of the Halakhah, the second statement is accepted as practice while the first one is rejected. A vineyard needs at least two rows; if the rows are ten hand-breadths apart in elevation no vineyard is formed., also if one plants one row on the ground and one on a terrace, if the latter is ten hand-breadth. higher they do not combine; otherwise, they do combine.
הלכה: רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר הַגּוֹמֵם אֶת כַּרְמוֹ פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח חַייָב בְּעָרְלָה מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים עַד שֶׁיִּגּוֹם מֵעִם הָאָרֶץ. רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב הָעוֹשֶׂה כְּרִי מִן הַלֶּקֶט וּמִן הַשִּׁכְחָה וּמִן הַפֵּיאָה חַייָב בִּתְרוּמָה גְדוֹלָה מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן וְרִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב מִשֵּׁם בֵּית שַׁמַּי הַמֵּת מְטַמֵּא אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים מִפְּנֵי כְבוֹדוֹ. רִבִּי מָנָא אָמַר הָדָא אֲחָרָייָתָא מִשּׁוּם בֵּית שַׁמַּי. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן אָמַר כּוּלְְּהוֹן מִשּׁוּם בֵּית שַׁמַּי. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה אוּף הָדָא דְתַנִּינָן מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעַיִן. דִּלֹּא כֵן מַה בֵּין הָעוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ מַה בֵּין הָעוֹמֵד בַּמַּדְרֵיגָה. HALAKHAH: Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman, Rebbi Jonathan, in the name of Rebbi Eliezer22This is R. Eliezer ben Jacob, as in the next statement, the parallel in Ševi‘it, and the corresponding text in Babli Soṭah 43b. The traditions of the Babli are in the name of R. Joḥanan, not R. Jonathan, and are not identical with the statements here.: He who prunes his vineyard down to less than a hand-breadth subjects it to orlah because of the bad appearance23The person who sees vine stumps less than a hand-breadth high might think of them as new growth whose yield is forbidden as orlah the first three years after planting (cf. Chapter 5, Note 93). The Sages apply orlah only if all growth above ground is cut off, and not as a matter of bad impressions. The Babli deals with a minimal vineyard of dwarf vines that never grow a hand-breadth tall and declares them to be permanent orlah.. The Sages say, only if he prunes down to the ground. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Jonathan, in the name of Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob: He who forms a heap from gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and peah, is subject to the Great Heave24This is the regular heave, called “great” in contrast to the heave of the tithe (cf. Peah Chapter 1, Note 127). The Babli requires full tithing once a heap is formed on the field from exempt gifts to the poor (but the townspeople know the poor who have no land). because of the bad appearance. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Jonathan, Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob in the name of the House of Shammai: A corpse in the public domain induces impurity four cubits around it, to sustain its dignity25A person standing over a corpse is forming a “tent” by his body and becomes impure (Num. 19). The House of Shammai extend this impurity by rabbinic decree to anybody within four cubits of the corpse, so that only those occupied with the burial will come near the corpse.. Rebbi Mana said, this last statement is in the name of the House of Shammai; Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, all are in the name of the House of Shammai26None of the statements in this paragraph are practice to be followed.. Rebbi Jonah said, also that which we stated here27The statement of R. Eliezer ben Jacob in the Mishnah. If vines growing on two different levels did form a vineyard or a trellis in any Biblical sense, the rabbis could not make the definition dependent on whether all grapes can be harvested from the lower level. The other statements of R. Eliezer ben Jacob in this paragraph were introduced as background for R. Jonah’s statement. is because of the bad appearance. If it were not so, what would be the difference whether one stands on the ground or on the terrace?
גְּבוֹהָה. מַה גְּבוֹהָה שׁוּרָה גְּבוֹהָ מַדְרֵיגָה. אִין תֵּימַר גְּבוֹהָה שׁוּרָה שׁוֹפֵעַ הַמַּדְרֵגָה כִלְמַטָּן. אִין תֵּימַר גְּבוֹהָה הַמַּדְרֵיגָה שִׁיפּוּעַ הַשּׁוּרָה מִלְּמַעֲלָן. וְהָתַנֵּי שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת בַּמַּדְרֵיגָה. אִית לָךְ מֵימַר גְּבוֹהָה שׁוּרָה. לֹּא גְּבוֹהָה מַדְרֵיגָה. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא כָּל־אוֹתָן עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים שֶׁבַּמַּדְרֵיגָה עָשׂוּ אוֹתָם מָקוֹם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. “Higher28Here starts the discussion of the second sentence of the Mishnah, of a row which is “higher than 10 hand-breadths” than the other row. In the entire discussion, “higher” means “higher than 10 hand-breadths”. The question is whether the terrace wall has to be 10 hand-breadths high or whether it might be less if only the vines appear on the surface at an elevation “higher than 10 hand-breadths”..” Is the row higher or is the terrace higher? If you say that the row is higher, the declivity of the terrace is counted as “below”. If you say the terrace is higher, the declivity of the row is counted as “above”. But did we not state: “Two rows on a terrace?29This must be from an otherwise unknown baraita, stating that one row below and two above do not form a “large vineyard” (cf. Halakhah 4:6) but a small vineyard on the top and an isolated row at the bottom. Since the two upper rows may be at slightly different heights but are counted together, their position cannot be the deciding factor.” Can you say that the row is higher? No, the terrace has to be higher. Rebbi Mana said, they declared the entire ten hand-breadths of the terrace a domain by itself30R. Mana rejects the entire discussion and declares the (vertical) declivity to be a separate domain, not counted either way, so anything sown there is not impacted by anything planted below or above..
תַּמָּן תַּנִינָן הַזּוֹרֵק אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בַּכּוֹתֶל לְמַעֲלָה מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָכחִים כְּזוֹרֵק בָּאֲוֵיר לְמַטָּה מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים כְּזוֹרֵק בָּאָרֶץ. רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר בְּמוֹדֵד לָכְּסֹן. וְאֵין סוֹפָהּ לֵירֵד. רִבִּי חִייָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן תִּיפְתָּר שֶׁהָֽיְתָה דְּבֵילָה שְׁמֵינָה וְהִיא נִיטּוֹחָה. רִבִּי חַגַּי בָּעֵי קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי לֵית הָדָא אָֽמְרָה שִׁיפּוּעַ הַמַּדְרֵגָה כִלְמַטָּן. אָמַר לֵיהּ תַּמָּן זְרָעִין נֶהֱנִין מִן הַמַּדְרֵיגָה בְרַם הָכָא דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם לִהְיוֹת שָׁפִין בָּהּ וְהִיא נוֹפֶלֶת. אִילּוּ אָמַר בְּשֶׁהָיָה שָׁם חוֹר וְהִיא נֶהֱנָה מִן הַחוֹר כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַזְּרָעִין נֶהֱנִין מִן הַמַּדְרֵיגָה יָאוּת. We have stated there31Mishnah Šabbat 11:4. It is forbidden to transport anything in the public domain on the Sabbath a distance of more than four cubits. “Transporting” in the legal sense includes taking up, moving, and depositing. If one of these elements is missing, no offense occured. “Public domain” in this context extends only to ten hand-breadths above ground. Anything higher is free space to which the prohibition of transporting does not extend. Hence, if something was taken up from the public domain, thrown, and came to rest in free space, it is as if it was thrown and never came to rest; no offense occured. But if it came to rest within ten hand-breadths of the ground, the Sabbath was desecrated.: “If somebody throws from four cubits [distance] to a wall, if [the projectile hits] higher than ten hand-breadths, he is like one throwing into the air, if lower than ten hand-breadths, he is like one throwing onto the ground.” Rav Ḥisda said, if it extends slanting32Taking מדד not as Biblical Hebrew “to measure”, but from Arabic مدّ، مدّد “to extend, to rise”. R. Ḥisda’s problem is that nothing can stop on a vertical wall. The same answer is given by R. Ḥisda’s student and son-in-law Rava in Babli Šabbat 5b, the material there being sheets of paper or parchment. In the Yerushalmi, the discussion here is reproduced in Šabbat11:3 (fol. 14a).. But will it not finally descend? Rebbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan, explain it that it was a soft fig cake and it stuck33The same answer is given by R. Joḥanan himself in Babli Šabbat 7b, 100 a.. Rebbi Ḥaggai asked before Rebbi Yose, does this not imply that the declivity of a terrace belongs to the level below34R. Ḥaggai assumes that the reason one insists on a separation of 10 hand-breadths is the same for the rules of the Sabbath and of kilaim. In that case, the Mishnah seems to extend the reach of any “bottom” upwards to 10 hand-breadths. He is answered that plants may grow on a slanted wall but anything sticking to the lower part of any wall bordering the public domain will be rubbed off; the fig cake cannot be considered to be at rest at such a place. The Babli (Šabbat 100a) disagrees with R. Yose and points out that even if a Tannaitic statement such as suggested by him did exist, it would not prove anything since R. Meïr [Yerushalmi Šabbat 11:3 (fol. 13a), Eruvin 10:8 (fol. 26b); Babli Šabbat 7b, 100 a, Eruvin 11b, 33b, 101b, Yoma 11b] considers any depression a separate domain excluded from “free space”.? He said to him, there the vegetables profit from the terrace but here people rub it and it falls down. If it would say, if there is a hole [in the wall] and it profits from the hole just as vegetables profit from the terrace, you would be justified.
שְׁתֵּי גִינּוֹת זוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי זוֹ הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה עֲשׂוּיָה כֶרֶם וְהָעֶלְיוֹנָה אֵינָהּ עֲשׂוּיָה כֶרֶם. זוֹרֵעַ אֶת הָעֶלְיוֹנָה עַד שֶׁהוּא מַגִּיעַ לָאֲוֵיר עֲשָׂרָה. רִבִּי בּוּן בַּר חִייָא בְּעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי זְעִירָא לֵית הָדָא אָֽמְרָה שִׁיפּוּעַ הַמַּדְרֵיגָה כִלְמַטָּן. אָמַר לֵיהּ מִשּׁוּם זְרָעִים נוֹטִין לַאֲוֵיר הַכֶּרֶם. הָעֶלְיוֹנָה עֲשׂוּיָה כֶרֶם וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנָה אֵינָהּ עֲשׂוּיָה כֶרֶם זוֹרֵעַ אֶת הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה וְאֶת הַמַּדְרֵיגָה עַד שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לְעִיקַּר הַגְּפָנִים. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי לֵית כָּאן לְעִיקַּר הַגְּפָנִים אֶלָּא לְמַטָּה מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה. כְּהָדָא דְּתַנֵּי שָׁרְשֵׁי פֵּיאָה נִכְנָסִין לְתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁבְּכֶרֶם. לְמַטָּה מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מוּתָּרִין. “Two gardens, one above the other, the lower one is made into a vineyard, the upper one is not made into a vineyard. One may sow the upper one until one reaches the airspace of ten35Tosephta Kilaim 3:9, in a slightly different text. Instead of “the airspace of ten”, the Tosephta has: “the stems of the lower one.” The text is missing in the Vienna ms.; the language is probably influenced by the second sentence. The version in the Yerushalmi permits sowing on the declivity above 10 hand-breadths from the bottom. The question of R. Abun bar Ḥiyya refers to these lower 10 hand-breadths..” Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya asked before Rebbi Zeïra, does this not imply that the declivity of a terrace belongs to the below? He said to him, because plants will bend into the airspace of the vineyard36This part of the statement does not prove anything; since we speak about sowing on an incline, the growing plants will bend over the vines.. “If the upper one is made into a vineyard but the lower one is not made into a vineyard, one may sow the lower one and the declivity until one reaches the roots of the vines.” Rebbi Yose said, one does not have here “the roots of the vines37The depth of the “roots of the vines” would be different for different strains of grapes. R. Yose insists that the three-hand-breadths rule proclaimed in Halakhah 1:8 (Notes 158 ff.) and quoted by him is valid for all plants, even vines.” but “below three [hand-breadths],” following that which was stated: “roots of madder that enter within four cubits of a vineyard are permitted below three hand-breadths.”