משנה: הַמְקַייֵם קוֹצִים בַּכֶּרֶם רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר קִידֵּשׁ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים לֹא קִידֵּשׁ אֶלָּא דָבָר שֶׁכָּמוֹהוּ מְקַייְמִים. הָאִירוֹס וְהַקִּיסּוֹס וְשׁוֹשַׁנַּת הַמֶּלֶךְ וְכָל־מִין זְרָעִים אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם. הַקַּנַּבִּס רִבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר אֵינוֹ כִּלְאַיִם. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים כִּלְאַיִם. וְהַקִּינַרָס כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם. MISHNAH: If somebody keeps thistles growing in a vineyard, Rebbi Eliezer says he sanctified, but the Sages say only produce apt to be stored sanctifies. Iris78Greek ἶρις, -ιδος, ἡ, “iris, orris root”; the root was used to produce an ointment., ivy79Greek κισσός. One would not expect a plant holy to Osiris and Bacchus in a Jewish vineyard, but its leaves were sometimes used as spice (and possibly in medicine) and the name might also be applied to related kinds of angelica of which both roots and berries were used. |Cf. κίσσινον, τό, name of a plaster (E. G.)], king’s lily, and all kinds of seed-plants80Producing inedible seeds. The Babli (Menaḥot 15b) declares them to be kilaim by rabbinic decree. are not kilaim in a vineyard. Hemp81Greek κάνναβις, Latin cannabis., Rebbi Tarphon says it is not kilaim but the Sages say it is kilaim. Artichokes82Greek κινάρα, Modern Greek plural κινάρας (H. L. Fleischer). Since artichoke is an edible thistle, it has to be mentioned as kilaim. are kilaim in a vineyard.
הלכה: אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר שֶׁכֵּן מְקַייְמִין אוֹתָן לִגְמָלִים בַּעֲרָבִיָּא. HALAKHAH: Rabbi Abbahu said, the reason of Rebbi Eliezer is that at some places in Arabia one lets them grow for camels83See Chapter 1, Note 15..
הָאִירוֹס אִירֹסִיה. הִקִּיסּוֹס קִיסּוֹסָא. וְשוֹשַׁנַּת הַמֶּלֶךְ קְרִינוֹן. ἰρός is אירוסיה. κισσός is קסוסא. King’s lily is κρίνον.
הַקָּנִים וְהָאָגִין וְהַװְרֶד וְהָאָטָדִין מִין אִילָן וְאֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם. הַשִּׁיפָה וְהַחִיטּוֹן וְהַגֶּמִי וּשְׁאָר כָּל־הַגְּדֵילִין בָּאֶפֶר מִין דְּשָׁאִים וְאֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם. וְהָתַנֵּי רִבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה אֵילּוּ הֵן מִינֵי דְּשָׁאִים הַקִּינַרָס וְהַחֲלִמָה וְהַדְּמוּעַ וְהָאָטָד. תַּמָּן לִבְרָכָה וְכַאן לְכִלְאַיִם. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי הָדָא אָֽמְרָה אֶתְרוֹג אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאַתְּ אוֹמֵר עָלָיו בּוֹרֵא פְרִי הָעֵץ אַתְּ אוֹמֵר עַל הַתְּמוּרָה שֶׁלּוֹ בּוֹרֵא מִינֵי דְּשָׁאִים. “86Tosephta Kilaim 3:15. The next sentence is 3:14 there. The names of the plants appear in great variations, cf. תוספתא כפשוטה pp. 631–635. Reeds, spiny bushes87In the Tosepha mss. החגין, Arabic حاج، حيج “spiny bush”., roses, and way-thorn are trees and not kilaim in a vineyard. Reed-mace88In the Tosephta and Mishnah Makhširin 5:5 חשיפה, in Mishnah Kelim9:8 שיפה. A kind of reed, in the opinion of I. Löw Typha angustata. Rashi in Babli Sukkah 20a translates paille“straw”., rush89The Gaonic commentary to Mishnah Kelim (9:8) defines this as equivalent of Arabic اسل “reeds used to make lances”; the corresponding Arabic verb means “to pierce”., and bulrush, and all other plants growing in ashes are kinds of grasses and not kilaim in a vineyard90In the opinion of Maimonides (Kilaim 5:19), these are not kilaim because they are grasses. In the opinion of R. Abraham ben David they are not kilaim because they are not collected as staples, but there are kinds of grasses subject to the laws of kilaim. The difference seems to be that Maimonides reads here and in the Mishnah ואינן but R. Abraham ben David reads אינן. There is no doubt that trees cannot be kilaim in a vineyard since they are not sown..” But did Rebbi Hoshaiah not state91Berakhot 6:1; see there Notes 111–114 for the determination of the plants mentioned.: “The following are the kinds of grasses: artichoke, ḥalimah,demua, and lycium.” There for benedictions, here for kilaim. Rebbi Yose said92His statement belongs to Berakhot 6:1; one has to wonder why it was not placed there after the statement of R. Hoshaiah. R. Yose refers to the statement in Berakhot of R. Joshua that the appropriate benediction for edible young palm shoots is “Creator of kinds of grasses” (loc.cit. Note 110). On this R. Yose notes that the same argument might apply to the soft sprouting parts of citrus that have just formed after the flower has fallen off., this means that while one says the benediction “Creator of the fruit of the tree” for an etrog, one says the benediction “Creator of kinds of grasses” for its tmrz93The word is a hapax unless the ז is deleted. There are two possible translations of תמור: 1. “A new shoot growing straight up like a date palm”; 2. “A bud looking like a date”, as in Mishnah Ma‘serot 4:6. The second definition is preferred by R. Eliahu Fulda and all later commentators; both definitions are consistent with the parallel passage in Berakhot. The second meaning might be expressed in the Arabic root ثمر “to bear fruit”..
הַצְּלָף בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם וְאֵינוֹ כִלְאַיִם בִּזְרָעִים. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים אֵינוֹ כִלְאַיִם לֹא בְכֶרֶם וְלֹא בִזְרָעִים. הַכֹּל מוֹדִין שֶׁהוּא חַייָב בְּעָרְלָה. תַּנֵי רִבִּי חִינְנָא בַּר פַּפָּא אֶת שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה מִגִּזְעוֹ מִין אִילָן מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו מִין יֶרֶק. הָתִיבוּן הֲרֵי אַכְּרוּב הֲרֵי הוּא עוֹלֶה מִגִּזְעוֹ. כָאן בְּוַדַּאי כָּאן בְּסָפֵק. The caper bush94A shortened version, not mentioning grains, is in Tosephta Kilaim 3:17 and Babli Berakhot36a. The main place of the paragraph is Ma‘serot 4:6, in a discussion of the caper bush.. The House of Shammai say, it is kilaim in a vineyard95The House of Shammai are unsure whether capers are trees or vegetables and therefore apply the stringency of vegetables for kilaim and those of fruit trees for orlah, ao that its fruit is forbidden the first three years after planting (Lev. 19:23). but not with grains. The House of Hillel say, it is never kilaim, neither in a vineyard nor with grains. Both agree that it is subject to orlah. Rebbi Ḥinena bar Papa96He is R. Ḥanina bar Pappai. His statement appears in another version (another redaction) in Baba Batra 5:5: “R. Ḥama bar ‘Uqba in the name of R. Yose. Anything that grows from both root and stem is a root (a vegetable); from its stem but not from its root it is a tree.” In that formulation, cabbage presents no problem since there is no piece of stem free of leaves. stated: Any plant that branches out from its stem is a tree; from its roots it is a vegetable. They objected: But cabbage forms its leaves from its stem! Here97The caper bush. Since for cabbage, the lower end of the stem is the lower end of the leaves, it is questionable whether the lowest leaves come from stem or root. when it is sure, there when it is doubtful.