משנה: הַנּוֹטֵעַ שׁוּרָה שֶׁל חָמֵשׁ גְּפָנִים בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים כֶּרֶם. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים אֵינוֹ כֶרֶם עַד שֶׁיְּהוּ שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ הַזּוֹרֵעַ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁבְּכֶרֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים קִידֵּשׁ שוּרָה אַחַת וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת. MISHNAH: If somebody plants one row of five vines, the House of Shammai say that this is a vineyard89Less than 5 vines are single vines and one has to leave only 6 hand-breadths of free space around them. But a vineyard needs 4 free cubits on all four sides. In addition, while kilaim is forbidden to be sown near a vine, only for a vineyard both vines and seeds become sanctified and forbidden for any use; for single vines the usufruct is not forbidden.. But the House of Hillel say, [a planting] is not a vineyard unless it has two rows90It will be clear from Mishnah 6 that the House of Hillel also put the minimal number of vines in a vineyard at 5 but require them to be planted in two rows.. Therefore, if somebody sows within four cubits of a vineyard, the House of Shammai say that he sanctifies one row, but the House of Hillel say, two rows91The extent of what becomes forbidden to use is detailed in the Halakhah..
הלכה: וְהוּא שֶׁזָּרַע כְּנֶגֶד הָאֶמְצָעִי. זָרַע כְּנֶגֶד הָאֶמְצָעִי עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית שַׁמַּי אוֹסֵר אֶת כָּל הַשּׁוּרָה. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹסֵר שָׁלֹשׁ כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ. זָרַע כְּנֶגֶד הַבֵּנַיִין שֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעִי. עַל דַּעְתִּין דְּבֵית שַׁמַּי אוֹסֵר שְׁתַּיִם מִכָּאן וּשְׁתַּיִם מִכָּאן. חֲמִישִּׁית אֵי זוֹ הִיא נֶאֱמַר. אִם הָיוּ זְרָעִים קְרוֹבִין לְאַחַת מֵהֶן הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ אֲסוּרוֹת. וְאִם לָאו הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מוּתָּרוֹת. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית הִלֵּל אָסוּר אַרְבַּע כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם. זָרַע כְּנֶגֶד קֶרֶן הַזָּוִית. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית שַׁמַּי אֵיזוֹ [שׁוּרָה אֲסוּרָה] זוֹ זוֹ. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית הִלֵּל אָסוּר שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת יוֹצֵא זָנָב מִכָּאן וְאַחַת יוֹצֵא זָנָב מִכָּאן. זָרַע כְּנֶגֶד הַבֵּינַיִּן שֶׁבְּקֶרֶן הַזָּוִית. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית שַׁמַּי אוֹסֵר אֶת כָּל הַשּׁוּרָה. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹסֵר שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת יוֹצֵא זָנָב מִיכָּן. שִׁישִּׁית אֵי זוֹ הִיא. שְׁלִישִׁית שֶׁבְּרִאשׁוֹנָה שְׁנִיָיה שֶׁבִּשְׁלִישִית. HALAKHAH: That is, if sown in the middle93This explains what is forbidden if somebody sowed too close to a vineyard. The situation is simple unless one sows at a corner of the vineyard. In the entire discussion, the seeds are sown outside the vineyard but less than 4 cubits distant from the next vine.. If he sowed in front of a middle vine, in the opinion of the House of Shammai he makes the entire row forbidden94Not the entire row in a large vineyard, but the nearest row that forms a vineyard, which is 5 vines in one row. In this case, the vine in front of which the seed was sown becomes sanctified and with it two vines on each side in the front row.. In the opinion of the House of Hillel, he forbids three parallel three95The House of Hillel define a minimal vineyard as five vines planted in two rows. So in the first row, the vine in front of which the kilaim was sown, and one vine on each side are sanctified. In the second row, the vine behind the middle one in the first row certainly is forbidden, as well as one vine adjacent to it. But since there is no way of deciding between left and right in this case, both are forbidden.. If he sowed in front of an interval in the middle, in the opinion of the House of Shammai, he forbids two on each side. What is said about the fifth? If the seeds were close to one vine, those are forbidden; if not, they are permitted96If the seed in the middle were a mathematical point, we would have a problem. But in reality, if the perimeter of the growing plant is closer to one adjacent vine than to the other, the fifth is added at the closer side. If the growing plant is right in the middle, six vines become forbidden, three on each side.. In the opinion of the House of Hillel, four parallel two are forbidden97In the next Mishnah, the House of Hillel state that a minimal vineyard consists of five vines in two rows, forming a rectangle and a “tail.” In the interpretation of Maimonides, based on Gaonic sources, the “tail” is formed by a fifth vine forming an isosceles triangle with two of the other vines, together giving the vertices of a pentagon. In the interpretation of R. Simson, the minimal vineyard consists of two rows, three vines in one and two in the other, where two vines in each row are the vertices of a rectangle. According to Maimonides, both in his Commentary and his Code, the configuration of R. Simson is explicitly excluded in the next Mishnah. However, the Halakhah here seems to support R. Simson; I fail to see how the rest of the Halakhah can be interpreted by Maimonides. According to R. Simson, three vines in the first row and two in the second become sanctified; since we cannot intrinsically distinguish here between left and right, we have to choose four vines in the first row in the case where according to the House of Shammai one would have to choose six.. If he sowed opposite the corner, which row is forbidden in the opinion of the House of Shammai? Both of them98Since the seed is supposed to be exactly on the extension of the diagonal pointing to the corner, both edges coming together at the corner are equal candidates, and one has the corner vine and four others on each edge, for a total of nine that become sanctified.! In the opinion of the House of Hillel, two parallel two and one forming a tail on each side are forbidden99The vines that become sanctified are the corner vine, two adjacent ones on each of the edges, and the vine next to the corner one on the diagonal. Then in any way one looks at the configuration, one has three vines in the first and two in the second rows, and four vines form a rectangle (“two parallel two.”) The total number of forbidden vines is six. (It has to be noted that, since the vines in a vineyard are planted in orderly rows, a “tail” in the sense of Maimonides is impossible here, but not a “tail” in the sense of R. Simson.). If one sowed in an interval at the corner100He sows between the corner vine and one of the adjacent vines. According to the House of Shammai there is no problem; he sanctifies the first five vines defined by the corner and the adjacent vine. According to the House of Hillel there is a problem, whether to take three vines in that row and two in the next, or to consider the seed to be placed between two rows, in which case we have to take three vines in the other edge starting from the corner, and the first two vines in the next row parallel to that edge, for a total of six vines. Another possible configuration, chosen in the next sentence, is to take three vines in the row in front of which the seed is sown, and perpendicular to it one vine in the outer and two in the next row perpendicular to it. Again, four vines form the rectangle at the corner and the other vines form minimal vineyards both in the direction of the edge in front of which was sown, and perpendicular to it., in the opinion of the House of Shammai he makes the entire row forbidden. In the opinion of the House of Hillel, two parallel two and one forming a tail are forbidden. What is the sixth? The third in the first row, the second in the third row.