Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim 2:2

משנה: הָֽיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה חִטִּים וְנִמְלַךְ לְזוֹרְעָהּ שְׂעוֹרִים יַמְתִּין לָהּ עַד שֶׁיַּתְלִיעַ וְיוֹפֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע. אִם צָֽמְחָה לֹא יֹאמַר אֶזְרַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ אוֹפֵךְ. אֶלָּא הוֹפֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ זוֹרֵעַ. כַּמָּה יְהִי חָרוּשׁ כְּתַלְמֵי הָֽרְבִיעָה. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְשַׁייֵר רוֹבַע לְבֵית סְאָה. MISHNAH: If his field was sown with wheat and he changes his mind to sow it with barley, he should wait until it gets wormy⁴⁵The seeds, or the grain fallen to the ground, are seen to attract worms. If the grains are from the harvest in the dry season, one has to wait longer. Maimonides (Kilaim 2:13) applies the Mishnah only to freshly sown grain, but the mention of dry fields in the Halakhah does not seem to support that position., then⁴⁶R. Abraham ben David (Maimonides, Kilaim 2:13) interprets ויופך to mean “or he turns it over.” His argument seems to be that waiting until the worms eat the grain is not mentioned in the later parts of the Mishnah. he turns it over⁴⁶R. Abraham ben David (Maimonides, Kilaim 2:13) interprets ויופך to mean “or he turns it over.” His argument seems to be that waiting until the worms eat the grain is not mentioned in the later parts of the Mishnah. and after that he may sow. If it is sprouting, he should not say, I am going to sow and then turn it over, but he turns it over and then he sows. How deep does he have to plough? Like furrows for the rainy season⁴⁸Coarse furrows made so that the autumn rains should penetrate the soil, not the second ploughing of straight and parallel furrows for sowing.. Abba Shaul says, so that there should not remain a quarter for a bet seah⁴⁹He may leave ¹/₂₄ of the surface area unploughed, following the rule established in the first two Mishnaiot..

הלכה: עַד כַּמָּה הִיא מַזְרָעַת עַד כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא בָאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים בִּמְקוֹם הַטִּינָּא אֲבָל לֹא בִּמְקוֹם הַגְּרִיד בְּעָיָא הִיא יָתֵר. וְתַנֵּי כֵּן מִקְצַת הַיּוֹם כְּכוּלּוֹ בִּמְקוֹם הַטִּינָּא וְאִם צִימְּחָה וְהוֹרִיד בְּהֶמְתּוֹ לְתוֹכָהּ וְקִירְטְמָתָהּ הֲרֵי זוּ מוּתֶּרֶת. HALAKHAH: “⁵⁰Tosephta Kilaim 1:16. How long can it remain sprouting? That it should remain in the ground three days in a muddy place, but in a dry place it needs more [time].” We have stated on that: Part of the day is like an entire day⁵¹In the Babli, that is an accepted principle in most cases, not only in this particular case. in a muddy place, and if it started growing but he brought his animals and they browsed it clean⁵²Biblical Hebrew כרסם, Arabic قرصم, קרצם. it is permitted.

מַה טַעְמָא דְּרַבָּנִין. מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּתַן דַּעְתּוֹ לַחֲרוֹשׁ אֲפִילוּ לֹא רָצַף. תַנֵּי. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר אֵין מְחַייְבִין אוֹתוֹ לִהְיוֹת חוֹרֵשׁ דַּק אֶלָּא כְּתַלְמֵי הָֽרְבִיעָה. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר זְנַב הַסּוּס הָֽיְתָה נִקְרֵאת כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא סוֹף עֲפָרָהּ שֶׁל זוֹ נוֹגֵעַ בְּזוֹ וְסוֹף עֲפָרָהּ שֶׁל זוֹ נוֹגֵעַ בְּזוֹ. מַה טַעְמָא דְּאַבָּא שָׁאוּל מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁהִתְחִיל בְּרוֹבַע דַּיּיוֹ. מַה אַבָּא שָׁאוּל כְּרִבִּי יוֹסֵי כְּרַבָּנִין הוּא דְּרַבָּנִין אָֽמְרֵי מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּתַן דַּעְתּוֹ לַחֲרוֹשׁ אֲפִילוּ לֹא רָצַף. אָבַּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁהִתְחִיל דַּעְתּוֹ בְּרוֹבַע דַּיּיוֹ. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר צָרִיךְ לְהַשְׁלִים אֶת כָּל־הָרוֹבַע. What is the reason of the rabbis? Because he intended to plough, even if it is not covering⁵³In modern Hebrew, one would translate “not continuous.” However, the image here is that of a floor tiling that does not cover the entire floor (a stone-covered floor is רצפה, “tiled.”). It was stated: Abba Shaul said, “one does not oblige him to plough finely, only like the furrows of the rainy season. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, it used to be called ‘horse tail,’ so that the end of dust of any one furrow touch that of the next one.”⁵⁴Tosephta Kilaim1:17. The position of Abba Shaul here is that of the anonymous Tanna there. Rabban Gamliel notes that one has to plough only half the ground; the other half then is covered by the earth thrown up in ploughing. What is the reason of Abba Shaul? Since he started, it is enough up to a quarter⁵⁵A quarter qab of contamination is acceptable by Mishnah 1.. Does Abba Shaul hold with Rebbi Yose? He is with the rabbis, for the rabbis said, because he intended to plough, even if it is not covering. Abba Shaul says, because he started intentionally to plough, it is enough up to a quarter. Rebbi Yose said, he must finish that entire quarter⁵⁷The meaning of סומך “to lean on” was studied by J. N. Epstein, ,מבוא לנוסח המשנה 2nd ed. (Jerusalem/Tel Aviv 1964) p. 446..