משנה: הַזְּאֵב וְהַכֶּלֶב כֶּלֶב הַכּוּפְרִי וְהַשּׁוּעַל וְהָעִזִּים וְהַצְּבָאִים הַיְּעֵילִים וְהָֽרְחֵלִים הַסּוּס וְהַפֶּרֶד הַפֶּרֶד וְהַחֲמוֹר הַחֲמוֹר וְהָעֲרוֹד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדּוֹמִין זֶה לְזֶה כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בְזֶה. MISHNAH: Wolf and dog, rural dog102According to Arukh these are small dogs barking at night in the deserted places surrounding villages; according to Maimonides and a Gaonic source they are hunting dogs. The Halakhah is only intelligible through the definition of Arukh. and fox, goat and deer, mountain goats and sheep, horse and mule, mule and donkey, donkey and wild donkey, even though they look similar, they are kilaim one with the other.
הלכה: הָא כֶּלֶב עִם כֶּלֶב כּוּפְרִין אֵינָן כִלְאַיִם. וּדְלֹא כְרִבִּי מֵאִיר דְּרִבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר כִּלְאַיִם. אַף עַל גַּב דְּרִבִּי מֵאִיר אָמַר כֶּלֶב מִין בְּהֵמָה מוֹדֶה בְּכֶלֶב כּוּפְרִי שֶׁהוּא מִין חַיָּה. הָא כֶּלֶב עִם כֶּלֶב כּוּפְרִי עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרִבִּי מֵאִיר כִּלְאַיִם. HALAKHAH: Hence, dog and rural dog are not kilaim103Since they are not mentioned as a pair that cannot be mated. An anonymous Mishnah is supposed to follow R. Meïr’s opinion unless the opposite is proven.. This is not following Rebbi Meïr, since Rebbi Meïr says that they are kilaim. Even though Rebbi Meïr says that the dog is a domesticated animal, he agrees that the rural dog is a wild animal104Domesticated and wild animals, even though they might belong to the same family, cannot be treated as kindred since the fat of domesticated kasher animals is forbidden (Lev. 3:17) but the fat of kasher wild animals is permitted; the blood of kasher wild animals has to be spilled, the blood of kasher domesticated animals may be used for industrial purposes.. Hence, according to Rebbi Meïr, dog and rural dog are kilaim.
עוֹף לֹא תַנִּיתָהּ. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אַייְתִיתֵיהּ מִן דְּבַר דְּלָיָה תַּרְנְגוֹל עִם הַפִּיסְּיוֹנִי תַּרְנְגוֹל עִם הַטַּווָס אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדּוֹמִין זֶה לְזֶה כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בְזֶה. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אָמַר מִשְׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה שָׁנָה לָנוּ רִבִּי וְכֵן חַיָּה וְעוֹף כְּיוֹצֵא בָהֶן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה צֻרְכָא לְהָדָא דְּרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן תַּנִּינָן הָכָא חַיָּה וּפֵרַשְׁתָּנָהּ תַּמָּן. תַּנִּינָן בְּהֵמָה הָכָא וּפִרְשַׁנְתָּהּ תַּמָּן. עוֹף תַּנִּיתָהּ תַּמָּן אָתָא וּפִרְשַׁנְתָּהּ הָכָא. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי וְיֵאוּת. בָּא לְהוֹדִיעָךְ שֶׁהָעוֹף אָסוּר בְּכִלְאַיִם. Birds are not mentioned in the Mishnah. Rebbi Joḥanan said, it is inferred from [the statement of] Bar Dalaiah106His statement parallels a Tosephta (1:7). In the parallel in Babli Baba Qama 55a, R. Simeon ben Laqish is quoted to the effect that in the Mishnah, Rebbi taught that chicken, pheasant, and peacock are kilaim one with the other. The language of the Babli is close to that of the Tosephta. R. Simeon ben Laqish’s position in the Babli is that of R. Yose (the Amora, colleague of R. Jonah) later in the present paragraph.: “Chicken with pheasant, chicken with peacock, even though they look similar, are kilaim one with the other.” Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said that Rebbi stated for us a complete Mishnah: “The same applies to wild animals and birds107Mishnah Baba Qama 5:7. The Mishnah notes that the Biblical precept regarding the responsibility of somebody who digs a hole in the public domain and “an ox or a donkey” falls into it (Ex. 21:33) extends to all domesticated animals, to damages assessed on a thief, to the requirement of returning stray animals to their owners, to unload animals in distress, to the prohibition of muzzling an animal used for threshing, to kilaim, and to Sabbath rest. Then the Mishnah adds, “The same applies to wild animals and birds.” Hence, the applicability of all rules of kilaim to birds is spelled out there..” Rebbi Jonah said, we need that of Rebbi Joḥanan, we state here “wild animal” and explain it there108We give here cases involving domesticated and wild animals but the underlying principle is given there, in Baba Qama.. We state here “domesticated animal” and explain it there. Birds, we stated there and explain it here109We really do not explain anything here but the statements of the Tosephta and Bar Dalaiah show that the detailed rules imply that birds from the same family are kilaim one with the other if one is domesticated (chicken) and the other is wild (pheasant) or semi-wild (peacock).. Rebbi Jose said, is that correct? It comes to tell you that birds are forbidden in kilaim110Since the Mishnah states that “the same applies,” it is implied that all rules apply uniformly. Hence, the examples of birds are unnecessary as proclaimed rules.!
רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה אָמַר כַּהֲנָא שָׁאַל לְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ הַמַּרְבִּיעַ בְּחַיּוֹת הַיָּם מַהוּ. אָמַר לֵיהּ עוֹד הֵן כְּתִיב בָּהֶן לְמִינֵיהֶן. רִבִּי אָחָא לֹא אָמַר כֵּן אֶלָּא הֲוָה אָמַר רִבִּי אָחָא בְשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ כָּל־שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ לְמִינֵהוּ כִּלְאַיִם נוֹהֵג בּוֹ. הָתִיב כַּהֲנָא הֲרֵי חַייֹת הַיָּם הֲרֵי כְתִיב בָּהֶן לְמִינֵהֶן מֵעַתָּה כִּלְאַיִם בָּהֶן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוֹן הָכָא פָרַס כַּהֲנָא מְצוּדָתֵיהּ עַל רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ וְצַדֵייהּ. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה יָכִול אֲנָא פָּתַר לָהּ מִשּׁוּם מַנְהִיג. מַייְתִי חוּט וְקָטַר בְּאוּדְנֵיהּ דְּלָכִיסָא וּבְאוּדְנֵיהּ דִּירִיקָא וְאִינּוּן שַׁייְפִין דֵּין עִם דֵּין וּמַזְרִעִין. Rebbi Jeremiah said, Cahana asked R. Simeon ben Laqish111The abbreviation ריש לקיש is Babylonian. The entire paragraph has a parallel in Gen.rabba 7(6); it is mentioned in Babli Baba Qama 55a.: What is the rule for someone who mates sea animals112In this version, one speaks about aquatic mammals who do copulate.? He said to him, it is written about them (Gen. 1:21): “By their kinds113As explained in the next version, “by their kinds” is written to forbid cross-mating..” Rebbi Aḥa did not say so, but Rebbi Aḥa used to say in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish, wherever “by their kinds” is written, kilaim applies to it. Rebbi Cahana objected, it is written about the animals of the sea114In Gen.rabba, one reads “fish.” The verse speaks of all sea creatures, including fish, sea reptiles, and sea mammals. It is difficult to see how copulation could apply to fish. “by their kinds;” kilaim should apply to them! Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, here did Cahana spread his net over Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish and caught him115Since R. Simeon had no answer to his objection.. Rebbi Jonah said, I can explain it, because of one who leads116Mishnah Kilaim 8:2 states that any two kinds of animals that are kilaim with one another may not be driven or led when harnessed together and may not be used for plowing together.. He brings a string and binds it to the gills of a white fish117Greek λεῦκος, name of a fish; cf. also λευκός “white”. and a green fish; they rub one another and spawn118Hence, while copulation is a notion not applicable to fish, any actions to induce cross-breeding are still forbidden. (The Babli, Baba Qama55a, does not consider the crossing of fish species, only that of marine mammals.).