Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim 1:2

משנה: הַקִּישּׁוּת וְהַמֵּלָפֶּפּוֹן אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בְזֶה. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר כִּלְאַיִם. חֲזֶרֶת וַחֲזֶרֶת גְּלִין. עוּלְשִׁין וְעוּלְשֵׁי שָׂדֶה. כָּרֵישִּׁין וְכָרֵישֵׁי שָׂדֶה. כּוּסְבָּר וְכוּסְבַּר שָׂדֶה. חַרְדָּל וְחַרְדַּל מִצְרִי. וּדְלַעַת מִצְרִית וְהָרוּמְצָא. וּפוּל הַמִּצְרִי וְחָרוּב אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בְזֶה. MISHNAH: Green melon³⁸The word is etymologically equivalent with Arabic قِثّاْ qiṯṯā“cucumber, cucumis sativus L.” This is Maimonides’s definition, in Yemenite mss., for all three occurrences of the word in Mishnah Zeraïm. However, in Mishnah Uqeẓin 2:1 and apparently in the Zera‘im ms. before Alḥarizi, he defines it as Arabic فُقُوس fuqūs, in classical Arabic “green melon” (possibly water melon?). In modern Hebrew, קישות means “zucchini.” and sweet melon³⁹In the Halakhah, the word is explained as Greek μηλοπέπων “apple melon,” composite of μῆλον “apple,” πέπων “sun ripened.” Pliny [Hist.nat. XIX (23)] defines melopepon as “golden melon,
cucumis melo L.” The Yerushalmi Targum to Num. 11:5 translates Hebrew אבטיח as מלפפון (in contrast to modern Hebrew where אבטיח means “water melon.”) Maimonides translates מלפפון as Arabic כ̇יאר خِيَار ḵiyār “cucumber.” This is the meaning of the word in Modern Hebrew, vocalized מְלָֽפְפוֹן. are not kilaim one with the other. Rebbi Jehudah says, they are kilaim. Lettuce and garden lettuce⁴⁰The wild form of Romaine lettuce and its cultivated variety. [In Modern Hebrew, following Ashkenazic Medieval usage, the word is used for horseradish.], endives and field endives⁴¹Here, the cultivated form is mentioned first and the wild one second; one might conclude that in the days of the Mishnah, wild Romaine lettuce was still collected for sale but endives were mostly produced in the vegetable garden., leeks⁴²Also כרת̇י, Arabic كرّاث kurrāṯ. and field leeks, coriander and field coriander, mustard and Egyptian mustard⁴³The difference between these two plants can no longer be determined., Egyptian pumpkin and ash-gourd⁴⁴Maimonides defines Egyptian gourd as دالع dalā‘, which in Moroccan means “watermelon”. He defines ash-gourd as a naturally bitter pumpkin which becomes edible only when roasted for some time in hot ashes (רמץ). In the Babli, Nedarim 51a, Samuel defines the fruit as “Caucasian gourd.”, Egyptian beans⁴⁵Arabic also فول fūl “large flat greenish beans,” the main ingredient of falafel. חרוב means “carob, carob tree,” but here it means elongated black beans that imitate the looks and shape of carob. and carob beans are not kilaim one with the other.

הלכה: אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן בַּר מְנַשֶּׁה דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים אָדָם נוֹטֵל מָעָה אַחַת מִפִּיטְמָהּ שֶׁל קִישּׁוּת וְנוֹטְעָהּ וְהִיא נַעֲשֵׂית אֲבַטִּיחַ. אָדָם נוֹטֵל מָעָה אַחַת מִפִּיטְמָהּ שֶׁל אֲבַטִּיחַ וְנוֹטְעָהּ וְהִיא נַעֲשֵׂית מֵלָפֶּפּוֹן. רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר עִיקָּרוֹ כִּלְאַיִם. אָדָם נוֹטֵל מָעָה אַחַת מִפִּיטְמָהּ שֶׁל אֲבַטִּיחַ וּמָעָה אַחַת מִפִּיטְמָא שֶׁל תַּפּוּחַ וְנוֹתְנָן בְּתוֹךְ גּוּמָא אַחַת וְהֵן נִתְאַחִין וְנַעֲשִׂין כִּלְאַיִם. לְפוּם כֵן צְװָחִין לֵיהּ בְּלִישְׁנָא יְוָונָא מֵולָפֶּפּוֹן. HALAKHAH: Rebbi Yudan bar Menasheh⁴⁶A third generation Galilean Amora; his surviving statements are all aggadic. said: The opinion of the Sages is that one takes a small piece from the pericarp⁴⁷Some fertilized seeds with the carpic tissue surrounding it. of a green melon and plants it and it grows to a water melon. One takes a small piece from the pericarp of a water melon and plants it and it grows to a sweet melon. Rebbi Jehudah says, it in itself is kilaim. One takes a small piece from the pericarp of a water melon and a small piece from the pericarp of an apple and puts them into one cavity where they unite and become kilaim. Therefore it is called “apple melon” in the Greek language.

הַקִּישׁוּת וְהָאֲבַטִּיחַ מַה אָמַר בָּהּ רִבִּי יוּדָה. נִשְׁמְעִינָהּ מִן הָדָא הַקִּישּׁוּאִין וְהָאֲבַטִּיחִין וְהַמֵּלָפֶּפּוֹנוֹת אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָזֶה רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר כִּלְאַיִם. נֹאמַר הַקִּישּׁוּאִין וְהַמֵּלָפֶּפּוֹן אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָזֶה. הָאֲבַטִּיחַ וְהַמֵּלָפֶּפּוֹן אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָזֶה רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר כִּלְאַיִם. הַקִּישּׁוּת וְהָאֲבַטִּיחַ צְרִיכָה. What does Rebbi Jehudah say about green melon and water melon? Let us hear from the following⁴⁸Tosephta Kilaim 1:1: “Green melon and squash, water melon and melopepon, are not kilaim one with the other, and one may tithe from one on the other; these are the words of R. Meïr. R. Jehudah and R. Simeon say, they are kilaim one with the other, and one may not tithe from one on the other.”: “Green melon, water melon, and sweet melon are not kilaim [if combined] one with the other; Rebbi Jehudah says, they are kilaim.” It has been said that green melon and water melon are not kilaim one with the other, and water melon and sweet melon are not kilaim one with the other; Rebbi Jehudah says they are kilaim. Green melon and water melon are questionable⁴⁹Since in the entire chapter we are dealing with comparisons of pairs, it is assumed that the teacher of the baraita only compares pairs. Hence, it is questionable whether the baraita teaches anything new. We know from the Mishnah about the comparison of green melon and sweet melon, also from the Tosephta about water melon and sweet melon (cf. Notes 39, 48). Since Rebbi Jehudah is only quoted as reacting to the statements of the first teacher, nothing can be inferred about his opinion if the reference to sweet melon is omitted. In any case, the argument teaches that the absence of kilaim is not a transitive notion: If A is not kilaim with B, and B not with C, it does not follow that A is not kilaim with C..

חֲזֶרֶת וַחֲזֶרֶת גַּלִּים רִבִּי חַנַּנְיָה אָמַר חַסָּא דִּיגְרִין. שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי אָבִי אָמַר אַנְטוֹכִין. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן אָמַר יַסֵּי חֲלִי. עוּלְשִׁין טְרוֹקְסִימוֹן. עוּלְשֵׁי הַשָּׂדֶה עוּלְתִין. כְּרֵיתִין. כָּרָתֵי שָׂדֶה קֶפַלּוֹטִין. “Lettuce and garden lettuce.” Rebbi Ḥananiah said, roof lettuce. Simeon, the son of Rebbi Avi, said, Antiochian (lettuce⁵²Musaphia, in his additions to Arukh, reads אינטובין, ἔντυβον “endives.”.) Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, sweet yase⁵³An unidentified plant. Kohut’s identification as jacea is unconvincing. The identifications in Kilaim and Pesaḥim 5:2 refer to different plants.. Endives may be eaten raw⁵⁴Τρώξιμα, τά “what is eaten raw, vegetable”, from τρώγω “to nibble, eat raw”; in Jewish sources only used for endives., field endives are ‘ulthin⁵⁵Arabic غَلثَة עֹלתֹה “bitter vegetable”.. Leeks. Fields leeks are κεφαλωτόν⁵⁶Meaning “with big head” (allium capitatum), found also in Syriac and Arabic..

דְּלַעַת מִצְרִית. מַתְנִיתִין דְּלָא כְרִבִּי נְחֶמְיָה. בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי נְחֶמְיָה דְּלַעַת אֲרָמִית הִיא דְלַעַת מִצְרִית כִּלְאַיִם עִם הַיְּװָנִית כִּלְאַיִם עִם הָֽרְמוּצָה. “Egyptian gourd.⁵⁹This and the following items are quoted from the Mishnah.” Our Mishnah does not follow Rebbi Neḥemiah. In the name of Rebbi Neḥemiah⁶⁰In Tosephta 1:5: “Rebbi Neḥemiah said, Aramean and Egyptian gourds are kilaim with ash-gourd.” In that Tosephta, the identification of Aramean with Egyptian gourds is missing. The Yerushalmi text is quoted in Babli Nedarim 51a. See also below, Mishnah 5.: Aramean gourd is Egyptian gourd; it is kilaim with Greek gourd, kilaim with ash-gourd.

והָֽרְמוּצָה. אָמַר רִבִּי חִינְנָה כְּמִין דְּלַעַת מָרָה הִיא וְהֵן מְמַתְּקִין אוֹתָהּ בְּרֶמֶץ. “Ash gourd.” Rebbi Ḥinenah said, it is a kind of bitter gourd and they sweeten it in hot ashes.

וְהֶחָרוּב. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה כְּמִין פּוּל מִצְרִי פַרְסִי הוּא וּקְצִצּוֹיי דָּמְיָין לֶחָרוּבָה. “And carob beans.” Rebbi Jonah said, they are a kind of Egyptian - Persian beans and their pods look like carob⁶¹From all these explanations one may infer that many of the kinds mentioned in the Mishnah either were no longer known in the Fourth Century or were known under different names..