וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם (בראשית מב, א), (תהלים קמו, ה): אַשְׁרֵי שֶׁאֵל יַעֲקֹב בְּעֶזְרוֹ שִׂבְרוֹ עַל ה' אֱלֹהָיו. וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, (איוב יב, יד): הֵן יַהֲרוֹס וְלֹא יִבָּנֶה, הָרַס הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֲצָתָן שֶׁל שְׁבָטִים עוֹד לֹא נִבְנָה, (איוב יב,יד): יִסְגֹּר עַל אִישׁ וְלֹא יִפָּתֵחַ, אֵלּוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים שֶׁהָיוּ נִכְנָסִין וְיוֹצְאִין לְמִצְרַיִם וְלֹא הָיוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁיּוֹסֵף קַיָּם, וּלְיַעֲקֹב נִתְגַּלֶּה שֶׁיּוֹסֵף קַיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר, זֶה הָרָעָב. כִּי יֵשׁ סֵבֶר, זֶה הַשָּׂבָע. כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר, (בראשית לט, א): וְיוֹסֵף הוּרַד מִצְרָיְמָה, כִּי יֵשׁ סֵבֶר, (בראשית מב, ו): וְיוֹסֵף הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט. כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר, (בראשית טו, יג): וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ. כִּי יֵשׁ סֵבֶר (בראשית טו, יד): וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל. (איוב ט, ז): הָאֹמֵר לַחֶרֶס וְלֹא יִזְרָח, זֶה יַעֲקֹב, (איוב ט, ז): וּבְעַד כּוֹכָבִים יַחְתֹּם, אֵלּוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים שֶׁהָיוּ נִכְנָסִים וְיוֹצְאִים לְמִצְרַיִם וְלֹא הָיוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁיּוֹסֵף קַיָּם, וּלְיַעֲקֹב נִתְגַּלֶּה שֶׁיּוֹסֵף קַיָּם. “Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt, and Jacob said to his sons: Why do you make yourselves conspicuous?” (Genesis 42:1).
“Jacob saw that there was grain [shever] in Egypt” – “Happy is he whose help is from the God of Jacob, whose hope [sivro] is in the Lord his God” (Psalms 146:5). “Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt” – “Behold, He demolishes, and it will not be rebuilt” (Job 12:14) – once the Holy One blessed be He stymied the intention of the tribes,1The plan of Joseph’s brothers to kill him. it was not restored. “He shuts a man in, and it will not be opened” (Job 12:14) – these are the ten tribes, who were entering and exiting Egypt, and they did not know that Joseph was alive. But it was revealed to Jacob that Joseph was alive, as it is stated: “Jacob saw that there was shever in Egypt” – “that there was disaster [shever]”2The word shever, generally translated in Genesis 42:1 to mean grain, can also mean disaster; see, e.g., Lamentations 2:11. – this is the famine; “that there was hope [sever]”3The midrash interprets the verse as though it said “hope [sever],” because the letters shin and sin are interchangeable. – this is the plenty. “That there was disaster [shever]” – “Joseph was taken down to Egypt” (Genesis 39:1); “that there was hope [sever]” – “Joseph was the ruler over the land” (Genesis 42:6). “That there was disaster [shever]” – “they will be enslaved to them and they will oppress them” (Genesis 15:13); “that there was hope [sever]” – “then they will emerge with great wealth” (Genesis 15:14). “Who says to the sun and it does not shine” (Job 9:7) – this is Jacob; “and seals the stars” (Job 9:7) – these are the ten tribes, who were entering and exiting Egypt, and they did not know that Joseph was alive.4The verse in Job is thus understood to mean that God withheld the full “shine” of the divine spirit from Jacob, and although he had a sense that Joseph was alive, he did not have clear knowledge of the matter. On the other hand, God withheld this sense entirely from Joseph’s brothers (Etz Yosef). But it was revealed to Jacob that Joseph was alive.
וַיֹּאמֶר יַעֲקֹב לְבָנָיו לָמָּה תִּתְרָאוּ (בראשית מב, א), אָמַר לָהֶם אַל תּוֹצִיאוּ בְּיֶדְכֶם פְּרוּסָה [נסח אחר. פרוטות]. וְאַל תִּכָּנְסוּ כֻּלְּכֶם בְּפֶתַח אַחַת מִפְּנֵי הָעָיִן. (בראשית מב, ב): וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה שָׁמַעְתִּי וגו' רְדוּ וְשִׁבְרוּ לָנוּ מִשָּׁם, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בִּשְּׂרָם שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת שָׁם מָאתַיִם וְעֶשֶׂר שָׁנָה מִנְיַן רְד"וּ. (בראשית מב, ג): וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף עֲשָׂרָה, אָמַר רַבִּי בִּנְיָמִין מִמַּשְׁמַע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף, אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהֵם עֲשָׂרָה, אֶתְמְהָא, אֶלָּא תִּשְׁעָה חָלוֹקִים לְאַחֲוָה, וְאֶחָד לִשְׁבֹּר בָּר, (בראשית מב, ד): וְאֶת בִּנְיָמִין אֲחִי יוֹסֵף וגו'. “Jacob said to his sons: Why do you make yourselves conspicuous?” – he said to them: ‘Do not take out bread [perusa]
“He said: Behold, I have heard that there is grain in Egypt. Go down there and acquire grain for us from there, and we will live and not die” (Genesis 42:2).
“He said: Behold, I have heard…Go down [redu]…and acquire…for us from there” – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: He informed them that they were destined to spend two hundred and ten years there, the numerical value of redu.7Reish – 200 + dalet – 4 + vav – 6 = 210.
“Ten of Joseph’s brothers went down to acquire grain from Egypt” (Genesis 42:3).
“But Benjamin, Joseph’s brother, Jacob did not send with his brothers, as he said: Lest disaster befall him” (Genesis 42:4).
“Ten of Joseph’s brothers went down” – Rabbi Binyamin said: From the fact that it says “Joseph’s brothers,” do I not know that they are ten? Astonishing! It is, rather, nine parts were for fraternity, and one to acquire grain.8The primary motivation for the brothers in their journey to Egypt was to locate Joseph, rather than the purchase of grain. “But Benjamin, Joseph's brother…”9Since the verse specifies that Joseph’s brothers came with the exception of Benjamin, it was obvious that there were ten. This confirms the need for the previous statement of the midrash (Hamidrash HaMevoar).
וַיָּבֹאוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִשְׁבֹּר וגו' (בראשית מב, ה), וּמִנַּיִן לְעֵדָה שֶׁהִיא עֲשָׂרָה, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן (במדבר לה, כד): עֵדָה, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (במדבר יד, כז): עַד מָתַי לָעֵדָה הָרָעָה, מָה עֵדָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן עֲשָׂרָה, אַף עֵדָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן עֲשָׂרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן (ויקרא כב, לב): תּוֹךְ, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (בראשית מב, ה): תּוֹךְ, מַה תּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן עֲשָׂרָה, אַף תּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר הָכָא עֲשָׂרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר אָבוֹן אִם בְּתוֹךְ אֲפִלּוּ עַד כַּמָּה, אֶלָּא נֶאֱמַר כָּאן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַה בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן עֲשָׂרָה אַף בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן עֲשָׂרָה. רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אָמַר, תִּינוֹק עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף לַעֲשָׂרָה, וְהָא תָּנֵי אֵין מְדַקְדְּקִין בְּקָטָן, אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי לִשְׁנֵי קְטַנִּים נִצְרְכָה, אֶחָד סָפֵק וְאֶחָד קָטָן עוֹשִׂין אֶת הַסָּפֵק עִקָּר וְאֶת הַקָּטָן לִסְנִיף. תָּנֵי קָטָן וְסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה, עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן כֵּן הוּא מַתְנִיתִין, קָטָן לְסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף. מֵאֵימָתַי עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף, רַבִּי אֲבוּנָא אָמַר אִתְפַּלְגוּן בְּהָא רַבִּי יוּדָן וְרַב הוּנָא תַּרְוֵיהוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אֲמַר כְּדֵי שֶׁיְהֵא יוֹדֵעַ טִיב בְּרָכָה. וְאוֹחֲרָנָא אֲמַר כְּדֵי שֶׁיְהֵא יוֹדֵעַ לְמִי הוּא מְבָרֵךְ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר פָּזִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַסֵּי תִּשְׁעָה נִרְאִים כַּעֲשָׂרָה מְזַמְּנִין, מַאי עָבֵיד מְסֻיָּמִין, אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ קָטָן בֵּינֵיהֶם. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר זַבְדִי בְּעָא קוֹמֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵף, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁעוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף לַעֲשָׂרָה כָּךְ עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף לִשְׁלשָׁה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֲדָא הִיא וְלֹא כָּל שֶׁכֵּן לְהַלָּן שֶׁהוּא מַזְכִּיר אֶת הַשֵּׁם עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף, כָּאן שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַזְכִּיר אֶת הַשֵּׁם אֵין עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף. אֲמַר לֵיהּ הֲדָא אָמְרָה עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף בְּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן אֲבָל לִקְרִיאַת שְׁמַע וְלִתְפִלָּה אֵין עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ סְנִיף עַד שֶׁיָּבִיא שְׁתֵּי שְׂעָרוֹת: אֲמַר רַבִּי אַסֵּי זִמְנִין סַגִּיאִין אֲכָלִית עִם רַבִּי תַּחְלִיפָא וְזִמְנִין סַגִּיאִין אֲכָלִית עִם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר סִיסִי חֲבִיבִי וְלָא זָמְנִין עָלַי עַד שֶׁהֵבֵאתִי שְׁתֵּי שְׂעָרוֹת. וּמֵאֵימָתַי הוּא קוֹרֵא בַּתּוֹרָה, אֲמַר רַבִּי אֲבִינָא אִתְפַּלְגוּן רַב הוּנָא וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה תַּרְוֵיהוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל, חַד אָמַר מִשֶּׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ לְבָרֵךְ, וְאוֹחֲרָנָא אָמַר עַד שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ טִיב בְּרָכָה שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ לְמִי מְבָרְכִין. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שִׁילַת בְּעָא קוֹמֵי רַב, וְאִית דְּאָמְרִין בְּעוֹן קַמֵּיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שִׁילַת, תִּשְׁעָה פַּת וְאֶחָד יָרָק מַהוּ, אֲמַר לְהוֹן, מְזַמְּנִין. שְׁמוֹנָה פַּת וּשְׁנַיִם יָרָק, מְזַמְּנִין. שִׁבְעָה וְשִׁשָּׁה פַּת וְאַרְבָּעָה יָרָק מַהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְזַמְּנִין. רַבִּי אֲבִינָא בְּעָא וּמֶחֱצָה עַל מֶחֱצָה מַהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי זְעֵירָא עַד דַּאֲנָא תַּמָּן אִצְטְרָכִית לְמִשְׁאֲלֵיהּ וּמֵיצְרָי לִי מִינָהּ דְּלָא שְׁאִלְתִּיו. רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בָּעֵי אוֹתוֹ שֶׁאָכַל יָרָק מַהוּ מְזַמְּנָא עֲלוֹהִי. תָּנֵי שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת נְזִירִין סָלְקִין בָּעֲיִין לִמְקָרְבָה תְּשַׁע מְאָה קוּרְבָּנִין בְּיוֹמֵי דְּשִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח, לִמְאָה וְחַמְשִׁין מָצָא לָהֶם פֶּתַח וּמְאָה וְחַמְשִׁין לָא מָצָא פֶּתַח. סָלֵיק רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח גַּבֵּי יַנַּאי מַלְכָּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ תְּלַת מְאָה נְזִירִין סָלְקוּ בָּעֲיִין לִמְקָרְבָה תְּשַׁע מְאָה קוּרְבָּנִין וְלֵית לְהוֹן, אֶלָּא יְהֵיב אַתְּ פַּלְגָּא מִן דִּידָךְ וַאֲנָא פַּלְגָא מִן דִּידִי וְיֵזְלוּן וִיקָרְבוּן, יְהַב יַנַּאי מַלְכָּא פַּלְגָא מִן דִּילֵיהּ וַאֲזַלּוּן וְקָרְבוּן. אֲתוֹן וַאֲמָרִין לִשְׁנָא בִּישָׁא לְיַנַּאי מַלְכָּא עַל שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח, תֶּהֱוֵי יְדַע דְּכָל מַה דְּקָרְבוּן מִדִּידָךְ קָרְבוּן, בְּרַם שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח לָא יָהֵיב מִן דִּידֵיהּ כְּלוּם. כָּעַס יַנַּאי מַלְכָּא עַל שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח. שְׁמַע דְּהוּא כָּעֵס עֲלוֹהִי, צְרַת [נסח אחר צרח] לֵיהּ וַעֲרַק, לְבָתַר יוֹמֵי הֲווֹן בְּנֵי אֱנָשָׁא רַבְרְבִין מִן מַלְכוּתָא דְּפַרְסָאֵי יַתְבִין נָגְסִין עַל פָּתוֹרָא דְּיַנַּאי מַלְכָּא, אֲמַרוּן לֵיהּ מָרִי מַלְכָּא נָהֲרִין אֲנַן דַּהֲוָה הָכָא חַד סַב וַהֲוָה אֲמַר לָן מִילֵי דְאוֹרָיְיתָא, אֲמַר לַאֲחָתֵיהּ שְׁלַחִי בַּתְרֵיהּ וְאַיְיתִיתֵיהּ. אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ הַב לִי מִלָּא וּשְׁלַח לֵיהּ עִזְקָתָךְ, וְהוּא אָתֵי. יְהַב לָהּ מִלָּא וּשְׁלַח לֵיהּ עִזְקָתֵיהּ וַאֲתָא. מִדַּאֲתָא יְתֵיב לֵיהּ בֵּין מַלְכָּא לְמַלְכְּתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ, לְמָה עֲרַקְתְּ, שְׁמָעִית דְּמָרִי מַלְכָּא כָּעֵיס עֲלַי וּצְרַח לִי מִינָךְ דְּלָא תִקְטְלַנִּי וְקַיְימַת הָדֵין קְרָיָא (ישעיה כו, כ): חֲבִי כִּמְעַט רֶגַע עַד יַעֲבָר זָעַם, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְמָה אַפְלֵית בִּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לָא אַפְלֵית בָּךְ, אֶלָּא אַתְּ מִמָּמוֹנָךְ וַאֲנָא מִן אוֹרָיְיתָא, דִּכְתִיב (קהלת ז, יב): כִּי בְּצֵל הַחָכְמָה בְּצֵל הַכָּסֶף. אָמַר לוֹ וּלְמָה לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִי אֲמַרִית לָךְ לָא הֲוָה יַהֲבִית. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְמָה יְתַבְתְּ לָךְ בֵּין מַלְכָּא לְמַלְכְּתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּסֵפֶר בֶּן סִירָא כָּתוּב: סַלְסְלֶהָ וּתְרוֹמְמֶךּ וּבֵין נְגִידִים תּוֹשִׁיבֶךָּ. אֲמַר מְזוֹג לֵיהּ יְבָרֵךְ. אֲמַר בָּרוּךְ עַל הַמָּזוֹן שֶׁאָכַל יַנַּאי וַחֲבֵרָיו. אֲמַר עַד כַּדּוּן אַתְּ בְּקַשְׁיוּתָךְ, לָא שְׁמָעִית מִן יוֹמוֹי יַנַּאי בְּבִרְכְתָא. אֲמַר וּמָה אִית לִי לְמֵימַר, נְבָרֵךְ עַל שֶׁאָכַלְנוּ, וַאֲנִי לֹא אָכַלְתִּי. אֲמַר אַיְיתוֹן לֵיהּ וְיֵיכוּל. מִן דַּאֲכֵיל אֲמַר בָּרוּךְ שֶׁאָכַלְנוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן חֲלוּקִין עָלָיו עַל שְׁמוּעַת שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטַח, רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר עַל הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אָמַר עַל הַשְּׁנִיָּה. מִחְלְפָא שִׁיטָתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה, תַּמָּן צְרִיכָה לֵיהּ, וְהָכָא פְּשִׁיטָא לֵיהּ. מַאן דִּצְרִיכָה לֵיהּ כְּרַבָּנָן, וּמַאן דִּפְשִׁיטָא לֵיהּ כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, דְּתָנֵי עֲלָהּ וְהֵסֵב עִמָּהֶן וְטִיבֵּל עִמָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא אָכַל כַּזַּיִת דָּגָן מְזַמְּנִין עָלָיו, דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַחָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר לְעוֹלָם אֵין מְזַמְּנִין עָלָיו עַד שֶׁאוֹכֵל כַּזַּיִת דָּגָן, וְהָא תָּנֵי שְׁנַיִם פַּת וְאֶחָד יָרָק מְזַמְּנִין. מַתְנִיתִין כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל. “The sons of Israel came to acquire grain among [betokh] those who came, as the famine was in the land of Canaan” (Genesis 42:5).
“The sons of Israel came to acquire…” – from where is it derived that a congregation is ten [men]?10This is stated regarding the law that matters of sanctity, such as kaddish and kedusha, can be recited only with a quorum of ten men (see Megilla 23b). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Yosei in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: “Congregation” (Numbers 35:24) is stated here,11Regarding the makeup of the Sanhedrin. and elsewhere it is stated: “Until when for this evil congregation…?” (Numbers 14:27); just as “congregation” that is written elsewhere is ten,12The reference in Numbers 14:27 is to the spies who delivered an evil report to the Israelites in the wilderness. This was done by ten of the twelve spies. so, “congregation” that is written here is ten. Rabbi Simon said: It is stated here: “[I shall be sanctified] among [the children of Israel” (Leviticus 22:32), and “among” is stated elsewhere;13In Genesis 42:5, regarding the ten brothers of Joseph. just as “among” that is stated elsewhere is ten, so, too, “among” that is stated here is ten. Rabbi Yosei bar Avon said: Were it from “among” it would be even many more.14It says “among those who came,” and there were many more than ten who came to Egypt. Rather, it is stated here “the children of Israel [benei Yisrael]” and it is stated elsewhere “the sons of Israel [benei Yisrael]”15Genesis 42:5. – just as “the sons of Israel” stated elsewhere were ten, so, too, “the children of Israel” stated here are ten.
Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi in the name of Rabbi: One may count a small child as the completion of ten.16If there are nine adults and one child, they may be considered to comprise a quorum. But is it not taught: We are not particular regarding a minor?17A boy is considered an adult only when he reaches the age of thirteen and also has two pubic hairs, a sign of puberty. However, the teaching cited here by the midrash indicates that if he has two pubic hairs, one is not particular about whether he has reached the age of thirteen, and he may be counted toward the quorum (see Berakhot 47b–48a). This implies that a minor who does not yet have two pubic hairs may not be counted toward the quorum. Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: It is necessary for the case of two minors, one [whose status] is uncertain and one who is [certainly] a minor;18The teaching that one is not particular regarding a minor refers to the case of two minors; one has two pubic hairs but has not yet reached the age of thirteen, and the other does not yet have two pubic hairs (Etz Yosef). one renders the uncertain one as part of the quorum and the minor as a completion.19The minor whose status is certain may count only as the tenth man in the quorum. It is taught: One may count a minor and a Torah scroll as the completion of ten.20If the minor is holding a Torah scroll, he may be considered the tenth man in the quorum. Rabbi Yudan said: This is the baraita: One may count a minor as the completion for a Torah scroll.21One may include a minor in the tally of seven people called to the Torah during the Torah reading on Shabbat (Maharzu). From when may one count his as the completion? Rabbi Avuna said: Rabbi Yudan and Rav Huna dispute [the answer to] this, both of them in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: One said: When he knows the nature of a blessing, and the other said: When he knows to Whom he is reciting the blessing. Rabbi Yehuda bar Pazi in the name of Rabbi Asi: Nine who appear like ten may recite the zimmun.22The name of God may be included in the zimmun when ten men participate. Rabbi Asi says that this is true even if there are nine who look like ten. The Gemara (Berakhot 47b) cites two opinions as to whether nine appear as ten when they are crowded together or when they are scattered. What do they do when they are distinct?23Of what benefit is it if the nine appear as ten? There are still only nine, and nine do now comprise a quorum (Yefeh To’ar). It is, rather, even if there is a minor in their midst.24Rabbi Asi means to say that a minor can count as the tenth member of the quorum.
Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yaakov bar Zavdi raised a question before Rabbi Yosef: Just as they render him a completion of ten, do they render him a completion of three?25To recite zimmun. He said to him: Is this not a case of “all the more so” – if elsewhere, where it is a matter of mentioning God’s name, one counts him as the completion, here, where it is not a matter of mentioning God’s name, may one not count him as the completion?26If the minor can count to complete the quorum of ten to mention the name of God in zimmun, certainly he can count as the third individual so that zimmun may be recited without the name of God. He said to him: That is what it says: They count him as the completion for Grace after Meals, but for the recitation of Shema and the Amida prayer, one does not count him as the completion until he grows two hairs.27The fact that it is stated that the minor may be the completion of the quorum for Grace after Meals but not for the recitation of the Amida prayer by the prayer leader indicates that the minor may count when it comes to mentioning the name of God, but not in order to bring about an obligation to recite a prayer that otherwise would not have been recited. Similarly, he may not count toward the three men necessary for zimmun, because without him they do not have the obligation to recite zimmun at all (Matnot Kehuna). Rabbi Asi said: Many times I ate with Rabbi Taḥlifa and many times I ate with Rabbi Ḥanina bar Sisi my uncle, and they did not include me in the zimmun until I grew two hairs. From when may he read the Torah? Rabbi Avina said: Rav Huna and Rabbi Yehuda dispute [the answer to] this, both of them in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: One said: From when he knows how to recite a blessing. The other says: From when he knows the nature of the blessing and to Whom he recites a blessing.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Shilat raised a question before Rav and some say: A question was raised before Shmuel bar Shilat: [If] nine [ate] bread and one [ate vegetables, what is [the ruling]? He said to them: One recites the zimmun. [If] eight [ate] bread and two [ate] vegetables, one recites the zimmun. [If] seven or six [ate] bread and four [ate] vegetables, what is [the ruling]? He said to them: One recites the zimmun. Rabbi Avina raised a question: Half and half, what is the ruling? Rabbi Ze’eira said to him: While I was there, I should have asked, and I regret that I did not ask it.
Rabbi Yirmeya raised a question: The one who ate vegetables, what [is the ruling]; can he recite the zimmun on their behalf? It is taught: Three hundred nazirites ascended and were obligated to sacrifice nine hundred offerings28Each nazirite is obligated to bring three offerings at the conclusion of his naziriteship: A burnt offering, a sin offering, and a guilt offering. However, these nazirites did not have the means to pay for their offerings. in the time of Shimon ben Shataḥ. For one hundred and fifty of them, he found an opening,29He found a flaw in their initial vow which enabled him to nullify their nazirite vows and absolve them of the obligation of bringing the offerings. for one hundred and fifty of them, he did not find an opening. Rabbi Shimon ben Shataḥ went up to King Yannai. He said to him: ‘Three hundred nazirites ascended and are obligated to sacrifice nine hundred offerings, but they do not have [the means]. You give half from yours and I will give half from mine, and let them go and sacrifice.’ King Yannai gave half from his and they went and sacrificed. Someone came and spoke slander to King Yannai about Shimon ben Shataḥ: ‘Know that everything that they sacrificed, they sacrificed from yours, but Shimon ben Shataḥ did not give anything from his.’ King Yannai became angry at Shimon ben Shataḥ. [Shimon ben Shataḥ ] heard that he was angry at him, and he was distressed
Some time later, there were dignitaries from the Persian Empire who were eating at King Yannai’s table. They said to him: ‘Our lord the king, we remember that there was a certain elder here, who would say matters of Torah to us.’ [King Yannai] said to [Shimon ben Shataḥ’s] sister:30King Yannai’s wife was Shimon ben Shataḥ’s sister. ‘Send after him and have him brought here.’ She said to him: ‘Give me your word [that he will not be harmed] and send him your ring, and he will come.’ He gave her his word, sent his ring, and he came. When he came, he sat between the king and the queen. [King Yannai] said to him: ‘Why did you flee?’ [Shimon ben Shataḥ said:] ‘I heard that my lord the king was angry at me, and I was frightened of you [and wanted to ensure] that you would not kill me, so I fulfilled this verse: “Hide for a brief moment, until fury will pass”’ (Isaiah 26:20). He said to him: ‘Why did you deceive me?’ He said to him: ‘God forbid, I did not deceive you. Rather, you [gave] from your wealth and I [gave] of the Torah,31Shimon ben Shataḥ had used his Torah knowledge to annul the vows of half the nazirites, thus exempting them from bringing their sacrifices. as it is written: “For in the shadow of wisdom, in the shadow of silver”’ (Ecclesiastes 7:12). He said to him: ‘Why did you not tell me?’ He said to him: ‘Had I told you, you would not have given.’ He said to him: ‘Why did you sit between the king and the queen?’ He said to him: ‘It is written in the book of ben Sira: “Prize it, and it will elevate you; and it will seat you between rulers.”’ He said: ‘Pour for him and let him recite the blessing.’ He said: ‘Blessed [is He] for [providing] the food that Yannai and his cohorts ate.’ He said: ‘Even now, you remain in your obstinacy? In all my days, I never heard Yannai in the blessing.’ He said: ‘What should I say, let us recite a blessing for what we ate? But I did not eat.’32Generally, when three men participate in a meal, Grace after Meals is preceded by zimmun, an introductory section in which one of the lines is: Blessed is He from whose [food] we have eaten. However, in this instance Shimon ben Shataḥ had not actually eaten. He said: ‘Give him and let him eat.’33According to the Gemara (Berakhot 48a), Shimon ben Shataḥ merely drank the first cup of wine they had brought, and then they brought him an additional cup for the recitation of Grace after Meals. Once he ate, he said: Blessed [is He from whose food] we have eaten.’
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: They disagree with him, with the statement of Shimon ben Shataḥ. Rabbi Abba said: Regarding the first.34The Sages disagreed with his recitation of the blessing: Blessed [is He] for [providing] the food Yannai and his cohorts ate (Etz Yosef). Rabbi Yirmeya said: Regarding the second.35They disagreed with his reciting Grace after Meals for King Yannai and his guests after having only consumed a cup of wine. The Sages held that one must eat bread in order to recite Grace after Meals. The opinions of Rabbi Yirmeya are contradictory. There, he is uncertain, here, it is obvious to him.36Rabbi Yirmeya was cited above as asking whether one who ate vegetables could recite Grace after Meals for others who ate bread, and now he is cited as being sure that one cannot do so. The one where he is uncertain is in accordance to the opinion of the Rabbis, and the one where it is obvious to him is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, as it is taught in that regard: If he reclined with them and dipped with them, even though he did not eat an olive bulk of grain, one includes him in the zimmun, this is the statement of the Sages. Rabbi Yaakov bar Aḥa said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Actually, one does not include him in the zimmun, until he eats an olive-bulk of grain. But is it not taught: [If] two [ate] bread and one [ate] vegetables, they recite the zimmun? That baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.
וְיוֹסֵף הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט וגו' (בראשית מב, ו), שָׁלשׁ גְּזֵרוֹת גָּזַר, שֶׁלֹא יִכָּנֵס עֶבֶד לְמִצְרַיִם, וְשֶׁלֹא יִכָּנֵס אָדָם בִּשְׁנֵי חֲמוֹרִים, וְשֶׁלֹא יוֹלִיכוּ חֲמָרִים תְּבוּאָה מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, שֶׁלֹא יִכָּנֵס אָדָם עַד שֶׁלֹא יִכְתֹּב שְׁמוֹ וְשֵׁם אָבִיו וְשֵׁם זְקֵנוֹ. וַהֲוָה תַּמָּן מְנַשֶּׁה קָאֵים מְקַבֵּל פִּתְקִין, אָמְרִין נֵעוֹל וְנֶחֱמֵי אִי אַשְׁכְּחָן יָתֵיהּ טָעוּן לָן בְּמַדָּיו דְּמִכְסָא, הָא טַב, וְאִם לָאו בְּצַפְרָא נֶחֱמֵי מַה נַּעֲבֹד. “Joseph was the ruler over the land; he was the provider of grain to all the people of the land. Joseph's brothers came, and prostrated themselves to him, faces to the ground” (Genesis 42:6).
“Joseph was the ruler…” – he issued three edicts: That no slave shall enter Egypt; that no man shall enter with two donkeys, and that donkey drivers shall not transport grain from place to place; that a person shall not enter until he writes his name, his father’s name, and his grandfather’s name.37All this was to increase the chances that Joseph’s brothers would come, and to ensure that if they were to come, Joseph would know. Manasseh was standing there collecting the notes [with the names]. [Joseph’s brothers] said: ‘Let us enter and see. If they make claims against us with a measured rate of taxes, that is fine. If not, in the morning we will see what we will do.’38When Manasseh saw their notes listing their names, he summoned them to appear before Joseph. The brothers thought, if we are being detained on account of the need to pay standard taxes, we will do so; otherwise, we will see what we need to do (Yefeh To’ar).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, כְּתִיב (משלי יא, כו): מֹנֵעַ בָּר יִקְּבֻהוּ לְאוֹם וּבְרָכָה לְרֹאשׁ מַשְׁבִּיר. מֹנֵעַ בָּר יִקְּבֻהוּ לְאוֹם, זֶה פַּרְעֹה. וּבְרָכָה לְרֹאשׁ מַשְׁבִּיר, זֶה יוֹסֵף. יִקְּבֻהוּ לְאוֹם, זֶה פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁגָּנַז הַתְּבוּאָה בִּשְׁנֵי רְעָבוֹן וְהָיוּ הַבְּרִיּוֹת מְקַלְּלִין אוֹתוֹ. אֲבָל יוֹסֵף זָן אֶת הָעוֹלָם בִּשְׁנֵי רְעָבוֹן כָּרוֹעֶה הַזֶּה שֶׁמַּנְהִיג אֶת צֹאנוֹ, עָלָיו אָמַר דָּוִד (תהלים פ, ב): רֹעֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל הַאֲזִינָה נֹהֵג כַּצֹּאן יוֹסֵף, כְּשֶׁהָיָה רָעָב בִּימֵי דָוִד בִּקֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶם רַחֲמִים מִלִּפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר רִבּוֹן כָּל הָעוֹלָמִים נְהֹג אֶת צֹאנְךָ כְּיוֹסֵף שֶׁזָּן אֶת הָעוֹלָם בִּשְׁנֵי רְעָבוֹן. כֵּיוָן שֶׁחָזַק הָרָעָב בָּאָרֶץ נִתְקַבְּצוּ הַמִּצְרִים וּבָאוּ אֵצֶל יוֹסֵף אָמְרוּ לוֹ תְּנָה לָנוּ לֶחֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם אֱלֹהַי אֵינוֹ זָן אֶת הָעֲרֵלִים, לְכוּ וּמוֹלוּ אֶת עַצְמְכֶם וְאֶתֵּן לָכֶם. הָלְכוּ אֵצֶל פַּרְעֹה וְהָיוּ צוֹעֲקִים וּבוֹכִים לְפָנָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מא, נה): וַתִּרְעַב כָּל אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, וְאָמַר (בראשית מא, נה): לְכוּ אֶל יוֹסֵף אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר לָכֶם תַּעֲשׂוּ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ הָלַכְנוּ אֶצְלוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֵלֵינוּ דְּבָרִים רֵיקִים וְאוֹמֵר מוֹלוּ אֶת עַצְמְכֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם שׁוֹטִים לֹא כָךְ אָמַרְתִּי לָכֶם מִתְּחִלָּה עִבְדוּהוּ וּקְנוּ לְעַצְמְכֶם תְּבוּאָה, וְכִי לֹא הָיָה קוֹרֵא לָכֶם כָּל אוֹתָן הַשָּׁנִים שְׁנֵי הַשֹּׂבַע וְצִוָּה לָכֶם הֱיוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁרָעָב בָּא, אַתֶּם פָּשַׁעְתֶּם בְּנַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם, מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא הִנַּחְתֶּם בְּבָתֵּיכֶם תְּבוּאָה שֶׁל שְׁנַיִם וְשָׁלשׁ וְאַרְבַּע שָׁנִים. אָמְרוּ לוֹ כָּל תְּבוּאָה שֶׁהָיָה בְּבָתֵּינוּ הִרְקִיבָה. אָמַר לָהֶם לֹא נִשְׁתַּיֵּר לָכֶם קֶמַח מֵאֶתְמוֹל, אָמְרוּ לוֹ אַף פַּת שֶׁהָיָה בַּסַּל הִרְקִיב. אָמַר לָהֶם לְכוּ אֶל יוֹסֵף אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר לָכֶם תַּעֲשׂוּ, אָמַר לָהֶם אִם גּוֹזֵר עַל הַתְּבוּאָה וְנִרְקֶבֶת שֶׁמָּא יִגְזֹר עָלֵינוּ וְיַהַרְגֵנוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם לְכוּ אֶל יוֹסֵף, אִם יֹאמַר לָכֶם חִתְכוּ מִבְּשַׂרְכֶם שִׁמְעוּ לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר לָכֶם תַּעֲשׂוּ. (בראשית מא, נו): וְהָרָעָב הָיָה עַל כָּל פְּנֵי, רָאוּי הָיָה לַמִּקְרָא לוֹמַר עַל הָאָרֶץ, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר עַל פְּנֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁלֹא הִתְחִיל הָרָעָב אֶלָּא בָּעֲשִׁירִים, שֶׁאֵין פְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא עֲשִׁירִים, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר (משלי יא, כו): מֹנֵעַ בָּר יִקְּבֻהוּ לְאוֹם, בִּזְּמַן שֶׁאָדָם עָשִׁיר יֵשׁ לוֹ פָּנִים שְׂמֵחִים לִרְאוֹת אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ, וּבִזְמַן שֶׁאָדָם עָנִי אֵין לוֹ פָּנִים לִרְאוֹת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מִתְבַּיֵּשׁ מֵחֲבֵרוֹ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מֹנֵעַ בָּר יִקְּבֻהוּ לְאוֹם. Another matter: “Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt.” It is written: “The withholder of grain, the nation will curse him, but blessing will be on the head of the provider” (Proverbs 11:26). “The withholder of grain, the nation will curse him” – this is Pharaoh; “but blessing will be on the head of the provider – this is Joseph. “The withholder of grain, the nation will curse him” – this is Pharaoh, who hoarded the grain during the years of famine, and the people were cursing him. But Joseph sustained the world during the years of famine, like a shepherd leading his flock. In his regard, David said: “Shepherd of Israel, listen. Appear to us, You who led Joseph like a flock” (Psalms 80:2). When there was a famine during the days of David, he asked for mercy from before the Holy One blessed be He and said: ‘Master of the universe, lead your flock like Joseph, who sustained the world during the years of famine.’
When the famine intensified, the Egyptians gathered and came to Joseph. They said to him: ‘Give us bread.’ He said to them: ‘My God does not sustain the uncircumcised. Go and circumcise yourselves and I will give to you.’ They went to Pharaoh and were crying out and weeping before him, as it is stated: “The entire land of Egypt was hungry, [and the people cried out to Pharaoh for bread]” (Genesis 41:55). He said: “Go to Joseph; what he says to you, you shall do” (Genesis 41:55). They said to him: ‘We went to him and he said empty matters to us, saying: Circumcise yourselves.’ He said to them: ‘Fools, did I not say to you from the outset: Obey him and acquire grain. Did he not proclaim to you during the years of plenty and command you: Know that there is a famine coming? You yourselves were negligent. Why did you not place in your houses grain to last two, three, or four years?’ They said to him: ‘The grain that was in our houses rotted.’ He said to them: ‘Is there no flour leftover for you from yesterday?’ They said to him: ‘Even the bread that was in the basket rotted.’ He said to them: “Go to Joseph; what he says to you, you shall do.” He said to them: ‘If he issues a decree upon grain and it rots, perhaps he will issue a decree upon us and kill us.’ He said to them: ‘“Go to Joseph,” if he tells you cut your flesh, heed him,’ as it is stated: “What he says to you, you shall do.”
“The famine was on the entire face [of the earth]” (Genesis 41:56). It would have been fitting for the verse to say: “On the earth.” Why does the verse say: “On the face”? Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: It is to teach you that the famine began only with the wealthy, as “the face of the earth” is only the wealthy. That is why it is stated: “The withholder of grain, the nation will curse him” – when a person is wealthy, his face is happy to see another, but when a person is indigent, he does not have a face to see, because he is ashamed in front of others.39This is implied in the phrase “the famine was on the entire face.” That is why it was stated: “The withholder of grain, the nation will curse him.”40The word “nation [le’om]” is interpreted to refer to the wealthy, prominent members of the nation (Rashash).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, וְכִי בְּמִצְרַיִם הָיָה יַעֲקֹב שֶׁרָאָה תְּבוּאָה בְּמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, וַהֲלוֹא אָמַר לְבָנָיו (בראשית מב, ב): וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה שָׁמַעְתִּי, אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם שֶׁנִּגְנַב יוֹסֵף נִסְתַּלְּקָה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ וְרוֹאֶה וְאֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה, וְשׁוֹמֵעַ וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹמֵעַ, וּמִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא נֶאֱמַר יֶשׁ אֹכֶל בְּמִצְרָיִם, שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם, וַהֲלוֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (בראשית מא, נה): וַתִּרְעַב כָּל אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר, אֶלָא אַל תְּהִי קוֹרֵא יֵשׁ שֶׁבֶר, אֶלָּא יֵשׁ סֵבֶר, שֶׁרָאָה בָּאַסְפַּקְלַרְיָא שֶׁסִּבְרוֹ בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה, זֶה יוֹסֵף. (בראשית מב, א): וַיֹּאמֶר לְבָנָיו לָמָּה תִּתְרָאוּ, אָמַר יַעֲקֹב לְבָנָיו, אַתֶּם גִּבּוֹרִים, אַתֶּם נָאִים, אַל תִּכָּנְסוּ בְּשַׁעַר אֶחָד וְאַל תַּעַמְדוּ בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד, שֶׁלֹא תִּשְׁלֹט בָּכֶם עַיִן הָרָע. (בראשית מב, ב): הִנֵּה שָׁמַעְתִּי כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם רְדוּ שָׁמָּה, מַהוּ רְדוּ, שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁיֵּרְדוּ וְיִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ בְּמִצְרָיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, רְדוּ שָׁמָּה, שֶׁכָּל הַלּוֹקֵחַ תְּבוּאָה מִן הַשּׁוּק יְרִידָה כְּתִיב בּוֹ. (בראשית מב, ג): וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף, בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל צָרִיךְ הַמִּקְרָא לוֹמַר, אֶלָּא בַּתְּחִלָּה לֹא נָהֲגוּ בּוֹ אַחְוָה וּמְכָרוּהוּ, וּלְסוֹף מִתְחָרְטִין וְאוֹמְרִים אֵימָתַי נֵרֵד לְמִצְרַיִם נַחְזִיר אֶת אָחִינוּ לְאָבִיו, וּכְשֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם אֲבִיהֶם לֵירֵד לְמִצְרַיִם נָתְנוּ כֻּלָּם דַּעַת אַחַת לְהַחֲזִירוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן אַף יוֹסֵף יוֹדֵעַ הָיָה שֶׁאֶחָיו יוֹרְדִין לְמִצְרַיִם לִשְׁבֹּר אֹכֶל, מֶה עָשָׂה הוֹשִׁיב שׁוֹמְרִים עַל כָּל הַפְּתָחִים וְאָמַר לָהֶם רְאוּ כָּל מִי שֶׁנִּכְנַס לִשְׁבֹּר אֹכֶל כִּתְבוּ שְׁמוֹ וְשֵׁם אָבִיו, לָעֶרֶב הֲבִיאוּ פְּתָקִים, וְעָשׂוּ כָּךְ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּאוּ בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד נִכְנַס בְּשַׁעַר שֶׁלּוֹ וְכָתְבוּ אֶת שְׁמוֹתָם, לָעֶרֶב הֵבִיאוּ לוֹ הַפְּתָקִים, זֶה קוֹרֵא רְאוּבֵן בֶּן יַעֲקֹב, וְאֶחָד קוֹרֵא שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יַעֲקֹב, וְאֶחָד לֵוִי, וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹעֲרִים כָּל אֶחָד שֶׁלוֹ. מִיָּד אָמַר לָהֶם יוֹסֵף סִתְמוּ אֶת הָאוֹצָרוֹת וּפִתְחוּ אוֹצָר אֶחָד, וְנָתַן שְׁמוֹתָם לְבַעַל הָאוֹצָר, וְאָמַר לוֹ רְאֵה כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים אֵלּוּ לְיָדְךָ תְּפֹשׂ אוֹתָם וְשַׁגֵּר אוֹתָם לְפָנַי, עָבְרוּ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים וְלֹא בָאוּ, מִיָּד נָטַל יוֹסֵף שִׁבְעִים גִּבּוֹרִים מִבֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ וְשִׁגֵּר בִּשְׁבִילָם לְבַקֵּשׁ אוֹתָם בַּשּׁוּק, הָלְכוּ וּמָצְאוּ אוֹתָם בַּשּׁוּק שֶׁל זוֹנוֹת, וּמַה טִּיבָן בַּשּׁוּק שֶׁל זוֹנוֹת, אֶלָּא אָמְרוּ אָחִינוּ יוֹסֵף יְפֵה תֹאַר וִיפֵה מַרְאֶה, שֶׁמָּא בְּקֻבָּה הוּא. וְתָפְשׂוּ אוֹתָן וֶהֱבִיאוּם לִפְנֵי יוֹסֵף. מִיָּד (בראשית מב, ז): וַיִּתְנַכֵּר אֲלֵיהֶם וַיְדַבֵּר אִתָּם קָשׁוֹת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לָהֶם כְּנָכְרִי. נָטַל אֶת הַגָּבִיעַ וְהִקִּישׁ בּוֹ, אָמַר לָהֶם אֲנִי רוֹאֶה בַּגָּבִיעַ (בראשית מב, ט): מְרַגְלִים אַתֶּם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ (בראשית מב, יא): כֵּנִים אֲנַחְנוּ, אֶלָּא כָּךְ צִוָּנוּ אָבִינוּ אַל תִּכָּנְסוּ בְּשַׁעַר אֶחָד וכו': אָמַר לָהֶם בַּשּׁוּק שֶׁל זוֹנוֹת מַה טִּיבְכֶם, לֹא הֱיִיתֶם מִתְיָרְאִים מִן הָעַיִן, לֹא כָךְ צַוָּאַת אֲבִיכֶם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֲבֵדָה אָבְדָה לָנוּ וְהָיִינוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין אוֹתָהּ שָׁם. אָמַר לָהֶם אֵיזוֹ אֲבֵדָה, אֲנִי רוֹאֶה בַּגָּבִיעַ שֶׁשְּׁנַיִם מִכֶּם הֶחֱרִיבוּ כְּרַךְ גָּדוֹל שֶׁל שְׁכֶם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְכַרְתֶּם אֲחִיכֶם לְעַרְבִיִּים. מִיָּד נִזְדַּעְזְעוּ וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ (בראשית מב, יג): שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר אַחִים אֲנַחְנוּ בְּנֵי אָבִינוּ. אָמַר לָהֶן וְהֵיכָן הֵם הַשְּׁנַיִם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ (בראשית מב, יג): הָאֶחָד אֵינֶנּוּ, מֵת, וְהַקָּטֹן הַיּוֹם אֶת אָבִינוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם (בראשית מב, לד): הָבִיאוּ אֲחִיכֶם הַקָּטֹן אֵלַי וגו', לָקַח אֶת שִׁמְעוֹן וְאָסַר אוֹתוֹ לְעֵינֵיהֶם, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא דְּחָפוֹ לַבּוֹר, וּפֵרַשׁ אוֹתוֹ מִלֵּוִי שֶׁלֹא יִטְלוּ עָלָיו עֵצָה. אָמַר שִׁמְעוֹן לְאֶחָיו כָּךְ עֲשִׂיתֶם לְיוֹסֵף כָּךְ אַתֶּם מְבַקְּשִׁים לַעֲשׂוֹת לִי. אָמְרוּ לוֹ מַה נַּעֲשֶׂה יָמוּתוּ אַנְשֵׁי בָתֵּינוּ בָּרָעָב, אָמַר לָהֶם עֲשׂוּ מַה שֶּׁתִּרְצוּ, עַכְשָׁו אֶרְאֶה מִי יַכְנִיס אוֹתִי בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִים. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה שָׁלַח יוֹסֵף אֵצֶל פַּרְעֹה וְאָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי שִׁבְעִים גִּבּוֹרִים מֵאֶצְלְךָ, שֶׁמָּצָאתִי לִסְטִים וַאֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן עֲלֵיהֶם כְּבָלִים, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה שָׁלַח לוֹ וְהָיוּ מִסְתַּכְּלִים אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף מָה הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת. אָמַר יוֹסֵף לְאוֹתָן גִּבּוֹרִים הַכְנִיסוּ אֶת זֶה בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁקָּרְבוּ אֶצְלוֹ צָוַח בָּהֶם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמְעוּ קוֹלוֹ נָפְלוּ עַל פְּנֵיהֶם וְנִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ שִׁנֵּיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב ד, י): שַׁאֲגַת אַרְיֵה וְקוֹל שָׁחַל וְשִׁנֵּי כְפִירִים נִתָּעוּ, וְהָיָה מְנַשֶּׁה יוֹשֵׁב לִפְנֵי אָבִיו, אָמַר לוֹ אָבִיו קוּם אַתָּה, מִיָּד עָמַד מְנַשֶּׁה וְהִכָּהוּ מַכָּה אַחַת וְהִכְנִיסוֹ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִים וְנָתַן עָלָיו כְּבָלִים, וְאָמַר לָהֶם זֶה יִהְיֶה חָבוּשׁ עַד שֶׁתָּבִיאוּ אֶת אֲחִיכֶם וְיֵאָמְנוּ דִבְרֵיכֶם, מִיָּד (בראשית מב, כה): וַיְצַו יוֹסֵף וַיְמַלְּאוּ אֶת כְּלֵיהֶם, הָלְכוּ אֵצֶל אֲבִיהֶם וְסִפְּרוּ לוֹ אֶת כָּל הַמְאֹרָע, הֵשִׁיב אֲבִיהֶם וְאָמַר לָהֶם הֵיכָן שִׁמְעוֹן, אָמְרוּ תָּפַשׂ אוֹתוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל אָחִינוּ הַקָּטָן, אָמַר לָהֶם (בראשית מב, לו): אֹתִי שִׁכַּלְתֶּם, (בראשית מב, לז): וַיֹּאמֶר רְאוּבֵן אֶל אָבִיו אֶת שְׁנֵי בָנַי תָּמִית, אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי בָּנֶיךָ אֵינָן בָּנַי, אָמַר לָהֶם יְהוּדָה הַנִּיחוּ לַזָּקֵן עַד שֶׁתִּכְלֶה הַפַּת. אָמַר לוֹ יְהוּדָה, אַבָּא אִם הוֹלֵךְ בִּנְיָמִין עִמָּנוּ סָפֵק נִתְפָּס סָפֵק לֹא נִתְפָּס, וְאִם אֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ עִמָּנוּ כֻּלָּנוּ מֵתִים בָּרָעָב, מוּטָב תַּנִּיחַ אֶת הַסָּפֵק וְתִתְפֹּשׂ אֶת הַוַּדַּאי. אָמַר מִי מְעָרֵב בּוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מג, ט): אָנֹכִי אֶעֶרְבֶנּוּ מִיָּדִי תְּבַקְּשֶׁנּוּ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיַּרְא יַעֲקֹב כִּי יֶשׁ שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרָיִם. Another matter, “Jacob saw that there was grain [shever] in Egypt” – was Jacob in Egypt that he saw grain in Egypt, such that the verse states: “Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt”? But did he not say [differently] to his sons, [as it is stated]: “He saidBehold, I have heard [that there is grain in Egypt]”? It is, rather, that from the day that Joseph was abducted, the Divine Spirit left him, and he would see but not see, hear but not hear.41He had from the Divine Spirit a vague idea of things that he would not otherwise know, but he did not have a clear understanding of them. Why does it not say “there was food in Egypt,” but instead it is written: “That there was grain [shever] in Egypt”? Is it not already stated: “The entire land of Egypt was hungry”? Why does the verse state: “There was grain [shever]”? Rather, do not read it as “there was grain [shever],” but rather, “there was hope [sever],” as he foresaw that his hope was in Egypt. What was that? That was Joseph.
“Jacob said to his sons: Why do you make yourselves conspicuous?” Jacob said to his sons: ‘You are mighty, you are handsome, do not enter through one gate and do not stand in one place, so that the evil eye will not have dominion over you.’
“Behold, I have heard that there is grain in Egypt. Go down there.” What is “go down”? He foresaw that they would descend and be enslaved in Egypt.
Another matter, “go down there” – as anyone who purchases grain from the marketplace, descent is written in his regard.42This is because he is dependent upon market conditions for his basic sustenance (Etz Yosef).
“Joseph’s brothers descended” (Genesis 42:3). The verse should have said: “The children of Israel.” It is that initially, they did not treat him with brotherhood and sold him, but ultimately they had regrets and were saying: ‘When will we descend to Egypt and return our brother to his father?’ When their father told them to descend to Egypt, they all came to a consensus to return him.
Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: Joseph, too, knew that his brothers were descending to Egypt to acquire food. What did he do? He positioned guards at all the entrances and said to them: ‘See each one who enters to acquire food, and write his name and his father’s name.’ In the evening, they would bring the notes to him. This is what they did. When Jacob’s sons came, each and every one entered through his own gate, and they wrote their names. In the evening, they brought [Joseph] the notes. This one read: ‘Reuben son of Jacob,’ another read: ‘Simeon son of Jacob,’ and another ‘Levi,’ and likewise, all the gatekeepers, each one brought his own. Immediately, Joseph said: ‘Seal all the storehouses and keep open one storehouse.’ He gave their names to the proprietor of the storehouse. He said to him: ‘See, when these people come to you, apprehend them, and send them before me.’ Three days passed and they did not come. Immediately, Joseph took seventy mighty men from the king’s palace and dispatched them to the marketplace. They went and found them in the marketplace of harlots. What was the nature of their presence in the marketplace of harlots? It is that they said: ‘Our brother Joseph is fair of form and fair of appearance; perhaps he is in a tent.’43Perhaps he was forced to work as a male prostitute (Matnot Kehuna). They apprehended them and brought them before Joseph.
“Joseph saw his brothers, and he recognized them, but he acted as a stranger to them, and spoke harshly to them; he said to them: From where did you come? They said: From the land of Canaan, to acquire food” (Genesis 42:7).
“Joseph recognized his brothers, but they did not recognize him” (Genesis 42:8).
“Joseph remembered the dreams that he dreamed about them, and said to them: You are spies; to see the nakedness of the land you have come” (Genesis 42:9).
“They said to him: No, my lord, but your servants have come to acquire food” (Genesis 42:10).
“We are all the sons of one man; we are sincere, your servants have not been spies” (Genesis 42:11).
“And he said to them: No, to see the nakedness of the land you have come” (Genesis 42:12).
“They said: We, your servants, are twelve brothers, sons of one man in the land of Canaan and, behold, the youngest is with our father today, and one is absent” (Genesis 42:13).
Immediately, “he acted as a stranger [vayitnaker] to them, and spoke harshly to them” – it teaches that he became like a stranger [nokhri] to them. He took the goblet and struck it. He said to them: ‘I see in my goblet that “you are spies.”’ They said to him: ‘“We are sincere”; however, this is what our father commanded us: Do not enter through one gate…’ He said to them: ‘What is the nature of your presence in the marketplace of harlots? Were you not afraid of the evil eye? Was that not your father’s command?’ They said to him: ‘We lost something and we were seeking it there.’ He said to them: ‘What was the lost item? I see in my goblet that two of you destroyed the big city of Shekhem, and then you sold your brother to Arabs.’ Immediately, they were shocked and said to him: “We, your servants, are twelve brothers, sons of…our father.” He said to them: ‘And where are the other two?’ They said to him: “One is absent” – dead; and “the youngest is with our father today.” He said to them: “Bring your youngest brother to me…” (Genesis 42:34). He took Simeon and incarcerated him before their eyes, because it was he who had pushed him into the pit. He separated him from Levi, so they would not conspire against him.
Simeon said to his brothers: ‘So you did to Joseph, and so you seek to do to me?’44You also sinned in the sale of Joseph. Do not leave me here; stay and bear the burden of punishment together with me (Maharzu). They said to him: ‘What shall we do? The people of our household will die of starvation.’ He said to them: ‘Do what you want. Now, I will see who will take me into prison.’45Shimon planned to resist being taken to prison. At that moment, Joseph sent to Pharaoh and said to him: ‘Send me seventy of your mighty men, as I have found robbers and I seek to shackle them.’ At that time he sent them to him, and Joseph’s brothers were looking to see what he sought to do.
Joseph said to those mighty men: ‘Take him into prison.’ When they drew near to him, he screamed at them. When they heard his voice, they fell on their faces and their teeth broke, as it is stated: “The roar of the lion and the voice of the great cat, and the teeth of the lion cubs are broken” (Job 4:10). Manasseh was sitting before his father. His father said: ‘You get up.’ Immediately, Manasseh stood and struck him with one blow, took him into prison, and shackled him. [Joseph] said to [his brothers]: ‘This one will be incarcerated until you bring your brother “and your statements will be verified”’ (Genesis 42:20).
Immediately, “Joseph commanded and they filled their vessels” (Genesis 42:25). They went to their father and related to him the entire incident. Their father responded and said to them: ‘Where is Simeon?’ They said: ‘He seized him for our youngest brother.’ He said to them: “You have bereaved me.” “Reuben spoke to his father, saying: Kill my two sons.” [Jacob] said to him: ‘Are your sons not my sons?’ Judah said to them: ‘Leave the elder until the bread is finished.’46Jacob was refusing to send Benjamin. Judah advised his brothers not to continue pleading but to wait until the bread was finished, when Jacob would have to agree. Judah said to him: ‘Father, if Benjamin goes with us, perhaps he will be apprehended and perhaps he will not be apprehended. But if he does not go with us, we will all die of starvation. It is preferable that you forsake the uncertain and seize the certain.’ He said: ‘Who will guarantee him?’ He said to him: ‘I will,’ as it is stated: “I will guarantee him; from me you can demand him” (Genesis 43:9). That is why it is stated: “Jacob saw that there was grain [shever] in Egypt.”47The midrash interprets the word shever to mean disaster, as Jacob was afraid of the possibility that Benjamin would be harmed (Matnot Kehuna). Some commentaries suggest that this last line is an error and should not appear in the text (Nezer HaKodesh; Etz Yosef).
וַיַּרְא יוֹסֵף אֶת אָחִיו וגו' (בראשית מב, ז), אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר נְחֶמְיָה נַעֲשָׂה נָכְרִי לָהֶם. (בראשית מב, ח): וַיַּכֵּר יוֹסֵף אֶת אֶחָיו וגו', רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנָּפְלוּ בְּיָדוֹ וַיַּכֵּר יוֹסֵף אֶת אֶחָיו, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנָּפַל בְּיָדָן (בראשית מב, ח): וְהֵם לֹא הִכִּרֻהוּ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי הוּא שֶׁהִנִּיחָן בַּחֲתִימַת זָקָן, וַיַּכִּר יוֹסֵף אֶת אֶחָיו וְהֵם לֹא הִכִּרֻהוּ, שֶׁהִנִּיחוּהוּ בַּחֲתִימַת זָקָן. (בראשית מב, ט): וַיִּזְכֹּר יוֹסֵף וגו' וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם וגו' (בראשית מב, יא): כֻּלָּנוּ בְּנֵי אִישׁ אֶחָד, נִצְנְצָה בָּהֶם רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, אֲמַרִין לֵיהּ אֲנַן וְאַתְּ בְּנוֹהִי דִּגְבַר חַד אֲנַן. (בראשית מב, יג): וַיֹּאמְרוּ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר אֲנַחְנוּ, אֲמַר לְהוֹן וְאָן הוּא, זַבְּנָן יָתֵיהּ. אֲמַר לְהוֹן בְּכַמָּה זַבִּנְתּוּן יָתֵיהּ, אֲמָרִין לֵיהּ בַּחֲמֵשׁ סִלְעִין. אֲמַר לְהוֹן וְאִין הֲוָה אָמַר לְכוֹן בַּר נָשׁ יַהֲבוּן לִי חֲמֵשׁ סִלְעִין וַאֲנָא יָהֵיב יָתֵיהּ לְכוֹן, אַתּוּן עָבְדִין, אֲמָרִין לֵיהּ, אִין. וְאִם אֲמַר לְכוֹן בַּר נָשׁ יַהֲבוּן לִי בְּכַפְלָא וַאֲנָא יָהֵיב יָתֵיהּ לְכוֹן, אַתּוּן עָבְדִין, אֲמָרִין הִין. וְאִם הֲוָה בַּר נָשׁ אֲמַר לְכוֹן אִין הֲוֵיתוּן יַהֲבִין בֵּיהּ אַלְפָא לָא יָהֲבֵינָא לֵיהּ לְכוֹן, מָה הֲוֵיתוּן עָבְדִין, אֲמָרִין לֵיהּ עַל מְנָת כֵּן נַחְתֵינוּן אִי לְמִקְטַל אִי לְאִיתְקְטָלָא. אֲמַר לְהוֹן (בראשית מב, יד): הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתִּי אֲלֵכֶם מְרַגְּלִים וגו'. (בראשית מב, טו): בְּזֹאת תִּבָּחֵנוּ חֵי פַרְעֹה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִשָּׁבַע לַשֶּׁקֶר הָיָה נִשְׁבַּע בְּחֵי פַּרְעֹה, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשָׁל לִגְדִי שֶׁבָּרַח מִן הַמִּרְעֶה וְנִכְנַס אֵצֶל אִשָּׁה אַלְמָנָה, מֶה עָשְׂתָה, עָמְדָה וְשָׁחַטָּתוֹ וְהִפְשִׁיטַתּוּ וּנְתָנַתּוּ בְּתוֹךְ הַמִּטָּה וְכִסַּת עָלָיו סָדִין. אֲתוֹן בָּעֲיִין לֵיהּ מִן גַּבָּהּ, אָמְרָה כֵּן תְּהֵא הַהִיא אִתְּתָא מְנַכְּשָׁא מִבִּשְׂרֵיהּ הָדֵין וְאָכְלָה אִם יָדְעָה בֵּיהּ. כָּךְ (בראשית מב, טו): חֵי פַרְעֹה אִם תֵּצְאוּ וגו', (בראשית מב, טז): שִׁלְחוּ מִכֶּם אֶחָד, (בראשית מב, יז): וַיֶּאֱסֹף אֹתָם אֶל מִשְׁמָר שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים, לְעוֹלָם אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַנִּיחַ אֶת הַצַּדִּיקִים בְּצָרָה שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים, וְכֵן לָמְדוּ לְיוֹסֵף לְיוֹנָה לְמָרְדְּכַי לְדָוִד, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (הושע ו, ב): יְחַיֵּינוּ מִיֹּמָיִם בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי, שֶׁל שְׁבָטִים, יְקִמֵנוּ, (בראשית מב, יח): וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם יוֹסֵף בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי. “Joseph saw his bothers [and he recognized them, but he acted as a stranger to them]” (Genesis 42:7) – Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya said: He became like a stranger to them.
“Joseph recognized his brothers…” (Genesis 42:8) – Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis, Rabbi Levi said: When they fell into his hands: “Joseph recognized his brothers.” When he fell into their hands: “But they did not recognize him.”48He treated them as brothers when they descended to Egypt; they did not treat him as a brother when he came to them in Dotan. The Rabbis say: He parted from them when they were bearded, so “Joseph recognized his brothers.” “But they did not recognize him,” as they parted from him when he was not bearded.
“Joseph remembered…and said to them…[They said to him:] We are all the sons of one man” (Genesis 42:9–11) – they had a spark of the Divine Spirit. They said to him: ‘We and you are the sons of one man.’
“Joseph said to them: That is what I spoke to you, saying: You are spies” (Genesis 42:14).
“They said: We, [your servants,] are twelve [brothers, sons of one man…and one is absent]” (Genesis 42:13) – He said to them: ‘Where is he?’ [They said:] ‘We sold him.’ He said to them: ‘For how much did you sell him?’ They said to him: ‘For five sela.’ He said to them: ‘And if a person would say to you: Give me five sela for him, and I will give him to you, would you do it?’ They said to him: ‘Yes.’ And if a person would say to you: ‘Give me double for him and I will give him to you, would you do it?’ They said: ‘Yes.’ ‘And if a person would say to you, even if you would give one thousand for him, we will not give him to you, what would you do?’ They said to him: ‘It is for that purpose that we descended, either to kill or to be killed.’ He said to them: “That is what I spoke to you, [saying: You are] spies.”
“With this you shall be put to the test: As Pharaoh lives, you shall not depart from here, unless your youngest brother comes here” (Genesis 42:15).
“Dispatch one of you and he will take your brother, and you shall be incarcerated, that your statements may be verified, whether there is truth with you; and if not, by Pharaoh’s life, you are spies” (Genesis 42:16).
“With this you shall be put to the test: As Pharaoh lives” – when he would seek to take a false oath, he would take the oath by Pharaoh’s life. Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a goat that fled from the pasture and went to a widowed woman. What did she do? She stood, slaughtered it, flayed it, placed it in the bed, and covered it with a sheet. They came and sought it from her. She said: ‘This woman will tear from the flesh of this one and eat it if she knows about it.’49She placed the goat on a bed as though it were a child, and swore that if she knew anything about the whereabouts of the goat, she would tear the flesh of “this one” and eat it. So, “as Pharaoh lives, you shall not depart…dispatch one of you.”
“He gathered them into custody for three days” (Genesis 42:17).
“He gathered them into custody for three days” – the Holy One blessed be He never leaves the righteous in distress for three days, and likewise they learned from Joseph, Jonah, Mordekhai, and David, and likewise it says: “He will revive us after two days; on the third day” (Hosea 6:2) of the tribes “He will raise us” (Hosea 6:2)50Meaning, “one the third day He will raise us,” just as Joseph released his brothers, the progenitors of the tribes, on the third day. – “Joseph said to them on the third day.”
אִם כֵּנִים אַתֶּם וגו' וְאֶת אֲחִיכֶם הַקָּטֹן וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל אָחִיו אֲבָל אֲשֵׁמִים אֲנַחְנוּ (בראשית מב, יט כא), רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר לָשׁוֹן דְּרוֹמִי הוּא, אֲבָל, בְּרַם. (בראשית מב, כא): אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ צָרַת נַפְשׁוֹ בְּהִתְחַנְּנוֹ אֵלֵינוּ, רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בַּר שְׁאִילָה אֶפְשָׁר יוֹסֵף בֶּן שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה הָיָה רוֹאֶה אֶת אֶחָיו מוֹכְרִים אוֹתוֹ וְהוּא שׁוֹתֵק, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה מִתְחַבֵּט לִפְנֵי רַגְלָיו שֶׁל כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְמַלְּאוּ עָלָיו רַחֲמִים וְלֹא נִתְמַלְּאוּ. (בראשית מב, כב): וַיַּעַן רְאוּבֵן אֹתָם לֵאמֹר וגו', הֲלוֹא כְּדֵין אֲמָרִית לְכוֹן, (בראשית מב, כא): הֲלוֹא אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם לֵאמֹר אַל תֶּחֶטְאוּ בַיֶּלֶד, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אֲמַרְתּוּן (בראשית לז, כ): וְעַתָּה לְכוּ וְנַהַרְגֵּהוּ. (בראשית מב, כב): וְגַם דָּמוֹ הִנֵּה נִדְרָשׁ, דָּמוֹ וְגַם דַּם הַזָּקֵן. (בראשית מב, כג): וְהֵם לֹא יָדְעוּ כִּי שֹׁמֵעַ יוֹסֵף כִּי הַמֵּלִיץ, זֶה מְנַשֶּׁה. (בראשית מב, כד): וַיִּסֹּב מֵעֲלֵיהֶם, רַבִּי חַגַּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר לְעֵינֵיהֶם אֲסָרוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ לָהֶם הָיָה מַאֲכִילוֹ וּמַשְׁקוֹ מַרְחִיצוֹ וְסָכוֹ. “If you are sincere, one of your brothers will be incarcerated in the place of your custody and you, go bring grain for the hunger of your houses” (Genesis 42:19).
“And bring your youngest brother to me and your statements will be verified, and you will not die. They did so” (Genesis 42:20).
“They said one to another: But we are guilty in our brother’s regard, that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he pleaded with us and we did not heed; that is why this anguish has befallen us” (Genesis 42:21).
“If you are sincere…and [bring] your youngest brother…They said one to another: But [aval] we are guilty” – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: It is a southern dialect: Aval – truthfully. “That we saw the anguish of his soul, when he pleaded with us” – Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan bar She’ila: Is it possible that Joseph, at seventeen years old, would see his brothers selling him, and be silent? Rather, it teaches that he prostrated himself before the feet of each and every one so that they would be filled with mercy for him, but they were not filled.
“Reuben responded to them, saying: Did I not speak to you, saying: Do not sin against the child, and you did not heed? And, indeed, here is a reckoning for his blood” (Genesis 42:22).
“Reuben responded to them, saying…” – did I not say this to you? “Did I not speak to you, saying: Do not sin against the child,” but this is what you said: “Now let us go and kill him” (Genesis 37:20).
“And, indeed [vegam], here is a reckoning for his blood” – his blood and the blood of the elder.51Instead of “his blood vedamo],” it says “indeed…his blood [vegam damo].” The word vegam comes to include the blood of his father.
“They did not know that Joseph understood, as the interpreter was between them” (Genesis 42:23).
“They did not know that Joseph understood, as the interpreter” – this was Manasseh.
“He turned from them and wept, and he returned to them; he spoke to them, and took Simeon from them, and incarcerated him before their eyes” (Genesis 42:24).
“He turned from them” – Rabbi Ḥagai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: he incarcerated him before their eyes. When they departed, he fed him, gave him to drink, bathed him, and anointed him.
וַיְצַו יוֹסֵף וַיְמַלְאוּ וגו' וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת שִׁבְרָם עַל חֲמֹרֵיהֶם וַיִּפְתַּח הָאֶחָד וגו' וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל אָחִיו וגו' (בראשית מב, כה כח), כַּד דָּמִיךְ רַבִּי סִימוֹן בַּר זְבִידָא עָאל רַבִּי אִלְעָא וּפְתַח עֲלוֹהִי (איוב כח, יב כא): וְהַחָכְמָה מֵאַיִן תִּמָּצֵא וגו' וְנֶעֶלְמָה מֵעֵינֵי כָל חָי וגו' תְּהוֹם אָמַר לֹא וגו', אַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים הֵן הֵן תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם וְכֻלָּן אִם אָבְדוּ יֵשׁ לָהֶם חִלּוּפִין, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן (איוב כח, א ב): כִּי יֵשׁ לַכֶּסֶף מוֹצָא וּמָקוֹם לַזָּהָב יָזֹקּוּ בַּרְזֶל מֵעָפָר יֻקָּח וְאֶבֶן יָצוּק נְחוּשָׁה, תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁמֵּת אֵין אָנוּ מוֹצְאִים תְּמוּרָתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי שְׁבָטִים מְצִיאָה מָצְאוּ, כְּתִיב: וַיֵּצֵא לִבָּם, וְאָנוּ שֶׁאָבַדְנוּ אֶת רַבִּי סִימוֹן עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. (בראשית מב, כט): וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל יַעֲקֹב אֲבִיהֶם וגו', מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים קָשִׁים עֲלֵיהֶם כְּקוֹרוֹת. (בראשית מב, ל לה): דִּבֶּר הָאִישׁ אֲדֹנֵי הָאָרֶץ וגו' וַיְהִי הֵם מְרִיקִים שַׂקֵיהֶם וגו', מְלַמֵּד שֶׁחֲשָׁדָן אֲבִיהֶם, (בראשית מב, לו): וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם יַעֲקֹב אֲבִיהֶם וגו', כְּבָר יוֹסֵף אֵינֶנּוּ וְשִׁמְעוֹן אֵינֶנּוּ, עָלַי לְהַעֲמִיד שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׁבָטִים. (בראשית מב, לז): וַיֹּאמֶר רְאוּבֵן אֶל אָבִיו וגו', רַבִּי אוֹמֵר הֲרֵי זֶה בְּכוֹר שׁוֹטֶה, בָּנֶיךָ לֹא בָנַי הֵם, אֶתְמְהָא. (בראשית מב, לח): וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא יֵרֵד בְּנִי עִמָּכֶם וגו', רַבִּי חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי מָרִינוֹס תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרִין בְּשֵׁם אַבָּא נְהוֹרָאי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה אָדָם אוֹמֵר דָּבָר מְתֻקָּן לִפְנֵי רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן הָיָה אוֹמֵר כַּפְתּוֹר וָפֶרַח, וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה אוֹמֵר דָּבָר שֶׁל בַּטָּלָה הָיָה אוֹמֵר: לֹא יֵֵרֵד בְּנִי עִמָּכֶם. (בראשית מב, לח): בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכוּ בָהּ וגו', הָא בַּבַּיִת לֹא, אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב מִיכָּן שֶׁאֵין הַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה. “Joseph commanded to fill their vessels with grain, and to restore each man's silver to his sack, and to give them provisions for the way, and he did so to them” (Genesis 42:25).
“They loaded their grain onto their donkeys, and went from there” (Genesis 42:26).
“One of them opened his sack to give feed to his donkey at the inn. He saw his silver; behold, it was in the opening of his sack” (Genesis 42:27).
“He said to his brothers: My silver was returned and, behold, it is in my sack. Their hearts sank, and they trembled one with another, saying: What is this that God has done to us?” (Genesis 42:28).
“Joseph commanded to fill…They loaded their grain onto their donkeys…One of them opened…Each one said to his brother.”52The last citation is a paraphrase of Genesis 42:28. When Rabbi Simon bar Zevida died, Rabbi Ela entered and began [his eulogy] for him: “But wisdom, where will it be found? …It is vanished from the eyes of all living… The deep says: It is not…” (Job 28:12, 21, 14). There are four matters that are essential for the world’s needs, and all of them have replacements. These are: “For there is a source of silver and a place where gold is refined. Iron is taken from the dust, and copper is smelted from rock” (Job 28:1–2). But when a Torah scholar dies, we cannot find a replacement for him. Rabbi Levi said: When the tribes found something,53Whey they found the silver that had been returned to the sack. it is written: “Their hearts sank”; we who lost Rabbi Simon, all the more so.
“They came to their father Jacob, to the land of Canaan, and they told him all that had befallen them, saying” (Genesis 42:29).
“They came to their father Jacob…[and they told him all that had befallen [hakorot] them]” – it teaches that the matters weighed heavily upon them like beams [kekorot].54Like the beams of an olive-press that weigh heavily upon the olives.
“The man, lord of the land, spoke harshly with us, and accused us as spies of the land” (Genesis 42:30).
“It was as they were emptying their sacks, and, behold, each man's packet of silver was in his sack. They and their father saw their bags of silver, and they were afraid” (Genesis 42:35).
“The man, lord of the land, spoke… It was as they were emptying their sacks…” – it teaches that their father suspected them.55When Jacob saw the silver, he suspected them of stealing it, and therefore also suspected them of wrongdoing regarding the disappearance of Joseph and Simeon, as the following verse suggests.
“Jacob their father said to them: You have bereaved me: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and Benjamin you will take; all of these have come upon me” (Genesis 42:36).
“Jacob their father said to them… [all of these have come upon me]” – Joseph is already not [with us], and Simeon is not, but it is incumbent “upon me” to produce twelve tribes.
“Reuben said to his father, saying: Kill my two sons if I do not bring him back to you; place him in my charge, and I will return him to you” (Genesis 42:37).
“Reuben said to his father…” – Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] says: This is a firstborn imbecile. Are your sons not my sons? I wonder.
“He said: My son will not go down with you, for his brother is dead, and only he remains, and disaster will befall him on the path on which you will go; you will cause my old age to descend in sorrow to the grave” (Genesis 42:38).
“He said: My son will not go down with you…” – Rabbi Ḥanina and Rabbi Marinos, both of them said in the name of Abba Nehorai: When a person would say a worthy statement before Rabbi Tarfon, he would say: “A knob and a flower [kaftor vaferaḥ].”56These were parts of the ornamentation of the candelabrum and referring to them indicates that the statement was pleasing. But when he would say nonsense, he would say: “My son will not go down with you.”57Just as Jacob refused to agree to Reuben’s suggestion, Rabbi Tarfon was indicating his refusal to agree with the statement that had been made.
“On the path on which you will go; [you will cause my old age to descend in sorrow to the grave]” – but not in the house?58Was it only on the path that disaster could befall Benjamin? From here it is derived that the accuser accuses only in a time of danger.
וְהָרָעָב כָּבֵד וגו' וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלּוּ וגו' וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו יְהוּדָה וגו' אִם יֶשְׁךָ מְשַׁלֵּחַ וגו' וְאִם אֵינְךָ מְשַׁלֵּחַ וגו' (בראשית מג, ב ה), אָמְרוּ לוֹ מַה הוּא אוֹמֵר לָנוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁל אֱמֶת וְאָנוּ מְשִׁיבִים אוֹתוֹ דְּבָרִים שֶׁל בַּטָּלָה. (בראשית מג, ו): וַיֹּאמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵל לָמָּה הֲרֵעֹתֶם לִי וגו', רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא מֵעוֹלָם לֹא אָמַר יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ דָּבָר שֶׁל בַּטָּלָה, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֲנִי עוֹסֵק לְהַמְלִיךְ אֶת בְּנוֹ בְּמִצְרַיִם וְהוּא אוֹמֵר לָמָּה הֲרֵעֹתֶם לִי, הִיא דְּהוּא אָמַר (ישעיה מ, כז): נִסְתְּרָה דַּרְכִּי מֵה' וּמֵאֱלֹהַי וגו'. (בראשית מג, ז): וַיֹּאמְרוּ שָׁאוֹל שָׁאַל הָאִישׁ וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אֲפִלּוּ עֲצֵי עֲרִיסוֹתֵנוּ גִּלָּה לָנוּ. (בראשית מג, ח): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוּדָה אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל אָבִיו, מוּטָב תְּהֵא נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת בְּסָפֵק וְלֹא כֻּלָּם בְּוַדַּאי. (בראשית מג, ט): אָנֹכִי אֶעֶרְבֶנּוּ כָּל הַיָּמִים, זֶה הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ יוֹם. “The famine was severe in the land” (Genesis 43:1).
“It was, when they had consumed the grain that they had brought from Egypt, their father said to them: Return, acquire a little food for us” (Genesis 43:2).
“Judah said to him, saying: The man forewarned us, saying: You shall not see my face, unless your brother is with you” (Genesis 43:3).
“If you send our brother with us, we will go down and acquire food for you” (Genesis 43:4).
“But if you will not send him, we will not go down, for the man said to us: You shall not see my face unless your brother is with you” (Genesis 43:5).
“The famine was severe… It was, when they had consumed…Judah said to him… If you send… But if you will not send…” – They said to [Jacob]: What, will he say to us reasonable matters and we respond to him with nonsense?59They argued to Jacob that Joseph had made a reasonable demand by saying that they should bring Benjamin to Egypt in order to prove the veracity of their claims. If the brothers were to return without Benjamin, and say that they could not bring him lest he be harmed along the way, Joseph could be expected to reject that explanation as nonsensical.
“Israel said: Why have you done me wrong, to tell the man that you have another brother?” (Genesis 43:6).
“Israel said: Why have you done me wrong…” – Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina: Jacob never spoke nonsense.60Jacob never attributed his troubles to chance; he always realized that God was directing the events of his life – except for on this occasion (Etz Yosef). Rather, this is what the Holy One blessed be He said: ‘I am involved in crowning his son in Egypt, and he says: “Why have you done me wrong?”’ That is what is said: “[Why do you say, Jacob…]: My way is hidden from the Lord, and from my God” (Isaiah 40:27).
“They said: The man asked regarding us and regarding our relatives, saying: Is your father still alive? Do you have a brother? We told him regarding those matters; could we know that he would say: Bring your brother down?” (Genesis 43:7).
“They said: The man asked [regarding us and regarding our relatives]” – Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: He revealed to us even the wood of our cradles.61The word “our relatives [moladtenu]” can also be understood to mean “our birthplace” or “the conditions of our birth." Joseph knew what their cradles had been made out of, and asked if they still existed (Etz Yosef).
“Judah said to Israel his father: Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go, and we will live, and not die, both we, and you, and our children” (Genesis 43:8).
“I will guarantee him; from me you can demand him; if I do not bring him back to you, and present him before you, I will have sinned to you forever” (Genesis 43:9).
“Judah said to Israel his father” – it is preferable for one person to be in a state of uncertainty than for all of us to be in a state of certainty.62If Benjamin does not accompany us, we will all certainly starve to death. “I will guarantee him…forever [kol hayamim]” – this is the World to Come, which is entirely day [shekulo yom].63I will have sinned against you even in the World to Come.
כִּי לוּלֵי הִתְמַהְמָהְנוּ וגו' וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲבִיהֶם אִם כֵּן אֵפוֹא (בראשית מג, י יא), רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בֶּן חֲנִילָאי תֹּאמַר אוֹתָהּ הַחֲרָדָה שֶׁהֶחֱרַדְתִּי אֶת אַבָּא (בראשית כז, לג): וַיֹּאמֶר מִי אֵפוֹא הוּא, שֶׁנִּזְדַּעְזְעָה עָלַי כָּאן, אֶתְמְהָה. (בראשית מג, יא): קְחוּ מִזִּמְרַת הָאָרֶץ בִּכְלֵיכֶם, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן מְזַמְּרִין בָּעוֹלָם, חִלָּזוֹן, חֲמַר קְטָף, וּמוֹר, אֶגוֹרִי, (בראשית מג, יא): וּמְעַט צֳרִי בַּלְסָם קְטָף, (בראשית מג, יא): מְעַט דְּבַשׁ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר רַבִּי אָמַר דְּבַשׁ בָּרִיא כָּאֶבֶן, (בראשית מג, יא): וּנְכֹאת, שַׁעֲוָה, (בראשית מג, יא): וָלֹט, מוּצְטָבָה, (בראשית מג, יא): בָּטְנִים וּשְׁקֵדִים, מְשַׁח דְּבָטְנִים, מְשַׁח דִּשְׁקֵדִים. (בראשית מג, יב): וְכֶסֶף מִשְׁנֶה קְחוּ בְיֶדְכֶם, רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר שֶׁמָּא הוּקַר הַשַּׁעַר. (בראשית מג, יב): וְאֶת הַכֶּסֶף הַמּוּשָׁב וגו' וְאֶת אֲחִיכֶם וגו', אָמַר לָהֶם הֲרֵי הַכֶּסֶף וַהֲרֵי הַדּוֹרוֹן וַהֲרֵי אֲחִיכֶם, צְרִיכִין אַתּוּן מִלְתָא אוֹחֲרִי, אָמְרֵי לֵיהּ צְלוֹתָךְ אֲנַן בָּעֲיִין, אֲמַר לְהוֹן אִם צְלוֹתִי אַתּוּן בָּעֳיָין (בראשית מג, יד): וְאֵל שַׁדַּי יִתֵּן לָכֶם רַחֲמִים וגו'. “Since, had we not tarried, we would now have returned twice” (Genesis 43:10).
“Their father, Israel, said to them: If so then, do this: Take of the choice produce of the land in your vessels, and take a gift down to the man, a little balm, and a little honey, spices and ladanum, pistachio nuts and almonds” (Genesis 43:11).
“Since, had we not tarried… Their father, Israel, said to them: If so then [efo]” – Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Tanḥum ben Ḥanilai: Can it be that the same trembling that I caused my father to tremble – “[Isaac was overcome with great trembling, and he said:] Who then [efo] is he [who hunted game and brought it to me? And I ate from all before you came, and I blessed him]” (Genesis 27:33) – is causing my trembling here? I wonder.
“Take of the choice produce [mizimrat] of the land in your vessels” – Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin in the name of Rabbi Levi: Items that bring song [mizmarin] to the world: Snail [ḥilazon],64The snail from which the expensive tekhelet dye was produced. wine with balsam,65Wine enhanced with the scent of balsam (Midrash HaMevoar; see Matnot Kehuna, Etz Yosef). myrrh with the oil accumulated within it. “A little balm” – balsam oil, “a little honey” – Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi said: Honey that is hard as a rock;66This was a special honey that was very valuable because it would last a long time, could be easily transported, and provided a high quality flavor. “spices” – beeswax; “ladanum” – gum Arabic; “pistachio nuts and almonds” – nut oil and almond oil.
“And take double the silver in your hand, and the silver that was returned in the opening of your sacks return in your hand; perhaps it was an oversight” (Genesis 43:12).
“And take your brother, and arise and return to the man” (Genesis 43:13).
“And may God Almighty grant you mercy before the man, and he will send with you your other brother, and Benjamin; and me, as I am bereaved, I am bereaved” (Genesis 43:14).
“And take double the silver in your hand” – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Perhaps the price has risen.
“And the silver that was returned…And…your…brother” – he said to them: ‘Here is the silver, here is the gift, and here is your brother, do you need anything else?’ They said to him: ‘We need your prayer.’ He said to them: ‘If you need my prayer, “and may God Almighty grant you mercy…”.’