וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם (בראשית ו, ז), (איוב לד, כה): לָכֵן יַכִּיר מַעְבָּדֵיהֶם וְהָפַךְ לַיְלָה וְיִדַּכָּאוּ, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא שְׁאָלֵיהּ לְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן אָמַר לוֹ מַהוּ דִּכְתִיב: לָכֵן יַכִּיר מַעְבָּדֵיהֶם וגו', אָמַר לוֹ אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִפְרַע מִן הָרְשָׁעִים עַד שֶׁהוּא קוֹרֵא אַגָּלִינִין שֶׁלָּהֶן מִלְמַעְלָן וְאַחַר כָּךְ הוּא פּוֹרֵעַ מֵהֶן, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוֹפֵךְ אֶת יוֹם לְלַיְלָה וְהִקְשִׁיטָן לְפֻרְעָנוּת, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הוּא פּוֹרֵעַ מֵהֶם. כָּךְ בַּתְּחִלָּה וַיַּרְא ה' כִּי רַבָּה רָעַת הָאָדָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ וַיִּנָּחֶם ה' כִּי עָשָׂה אֶת הָאָדָם בָּאָרֶץ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָאתִי. “The Lord said: I will obliterate man whom I have created from the face of the earth; from man to animal, to crawling creatures, to bird of the heavens, as I regret that I made them” (Genesis 6:7).
“The Lord said: I will obliterate man.” “Therefore, He knows [yakir] their activities, and He turns it into night, and they are crushed” (Job 34:25) – Rabbi Ḥanina asked of Rabbi Yoḥanan, saying to him: What is it that is written: “Therefore, He knows their activities…”? He said to him: The Holy One blessed be He does not exact retribution from the wicked until He first reads out their indictment1Interpreting yakir as “He makes known,” rather than “He knows.” on High. Only then the Holy One blessed be He exacts retribution from them, as the Holy One blessed be He transforms [their] day into night, preparing them for punishment,2Determining the severity of the sin. and then He exacts retribution from them. So, initially, “the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great” (Genesis 6:5),3This was His “reading out their indictment.” then, “the Lord regretted that He had made man on the earth” (Genesis 6:6), and then, “The Lord said: I will obliterate man whom I have created.”
רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַב בֵּיבַי (בראשית א, ט): יִקָּווּ הַמַּיִם, יֵעָשֶׂה מִדָּה לַמַּיִם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה א, טז): וְקָו יִנָּטֶה עַל יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר יִקָּווּ לִי הַמַּיִם, מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּם, מָשָׁל לְשַׂר שֶׁבָּנָה פָּלָטִין וְהוֹשִׁיב בָּהּ דָּיוֹרִים אִלְמִים, וְהָיוּ מַשְׁכִּימִים וְשׁוֹאֲלִים בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ שֶׁל שַׂר בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע וּבִמְנָוְלִים, אָמַר הַשַּׂר מָה הֵם אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם אִלְמִים מַשְׁכִּימִים וְשׁוֹאֲלִים בִּשְׁלוֹמִי בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע, אִלּוּ הָיוּ פִּקְחִים עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. הוֹשִׁיב הַשַּׂר בְּתוֹכָהּ דָּיוֹרִים פִּקְחִים, עָמְדוּ וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בַּפָּלָטִין, אָמְרוּ אֵין פָּלָטִין זוֹ שֶׁל שַׂר, שֶׁלָּנוּ הִיא, אָמַר הַשַּׂר תַּחֲזֹר הַפָּלָטִין לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיְתָה. כָּךְ מִתְּחִלָּה לֹא הָיָה קִלּוּסוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹלֶה אֶלָּא מִן הַמַּיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ד): מִקֹּלוֹת מַיִם רַבִּים וגו', מָה הֵן אוֹמְרִים (תהלים צג, ד): אַדִּיר בַּמָּרוֹם ה', אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם לֹא אֲמִירָה וְלֹא דִּבּוּר הֲרֵי הֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתִי, לִכְשֶׁנִּבְרָא אָדָם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, עָמַד דּוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ וּמָרַד בּוֹ, דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּמָרַד בּוֹ, דּוֹר הַפְלָגָה וּמָרַד בּוֹ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִפָּנוּ אֵלּוּ וְיָבוֹאוּ אוֹתָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית ו, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָאתִי, מָה הֵם סְבוּרִים אֲרָיוֹת גַּסְטְרָיוֹת אֲנִי צָרִיךְ, הֲלוֹא בְּדָבָר בָּרָאתִי אֶת הָעוֹלָם, דָּבָר אֲנִי מוֹצִיא וּמְכַלֶּה אוֹתָן מִן הָעוֹלָם. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה כְּלוּם בָּרָאתִי אוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא מִן הֶעָפָר, מִי מַמְחֶה אֶת הֶעָפָר, הַמַּיִם. Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rav Beivai: “Let the water…be gathered [yikavu]” (Genesis 1:9) – let a set measure be established for the water, just as it is stated: “A plumb line [kav]4A kav is a measure used in building. will be extended over Jerusalem” (Zechariah 1:16). Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said in the name of Rabbi Levi: [It means,] let the water eagerly wait [yekavu] for Me, for what I am going to do with it in the future.5After confining it at first, when it is time to bring the Flood I will allow it to cover the entire earth once again. This is analogous to a king who built a palace and settled mute residents in it. They would rise early and greet the king with gestures with fingers and with kerchiefs. The king said: If they, who are mute, rise early and greet me with gestures with fingers, if they could speak, all the more so. The king then settled speaking residents in it. They rose up and seized the palace, and said: This palace is not the king’s; it is ours. The king said: Let the palace be restored to its previous state. So, in the beginning, the praises of the Holy One blessed be He would arise only from the water, as it is written: “It is from the sound of many waters…” (Psalms 93:4). What would they say? “The Lord is mighty on High” (Psalms 93:4). The Holy One blessed be He said: If these [waters] that have no ability to talk and speak and yet they laud Me, when man will be created, all the more so. [But] the generation of Enosh rose up and rebelled against Him, the generation of the Flood rebelled against him, the generation of the Dispersion rebelled against Him. The Holy One blessed be He said: Let these [mankind] be expelled and let these [waters] come back. That is what is written: “The Lord said: I will obliterate man whom I have created.” What do they think – that I need lions, or regiments of soldiers? Did I not create the world with [mere] speech? I will eradicate them from the world with speech. Rabbi Berekhya said: Did I not create them only from soil? What washes away soil? It is water.
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם, רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ אִסְטְרוֹבִּלִּין שֶׁל רֵחַיִּים נִמְחֶה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ עֲפָרוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן נִמְחֶה. כַּד דָּרְשָׁה רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּצִפּוֹרִי בְּצִבּוּרָא וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ מִינֵיהּ. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יְהוֹצָדָק אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ לוּז שֶׁל שִׁדְרָה, שֶׁמִּמֶּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵצִיץ אֶת הָאָדָם לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, נִמְחָה. אַדְרִיָּאנוֹס שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת שָׁאַל אֶת רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חֲנַנְיָא אָמַר לוֹ מֵהֵיכָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵצִיץ אֶת הָאָדָם לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, אָמַר לוֹ מִלּוּז שֶׁל שִׁדְרָה, אָמַר לוֹ מִנַּיִן אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַיְתִיתֵיהּ לְיָדִי וַאֲנָא מוֹדַע לָךְ, טָחֲנוֹ בָּרֵחַיִם וְלֹא נִטְחַן, שְׂרָפוֹ בָּאֵשׁ וְלֹא נִשְׂרַף, נְתָנוֹ בְּמַיִם וְלֹא נִמְחֶה, נְתָנוֹ עַל הַסַּדָּן וְהִתְחִיל מַכֶּה עָלָיו בְּפַטִּישׁ, נֶחְלַק הַסַּדָּן וְנִבְקַע הַפַּטִּישׁ וְלֹא חָסַר כְּלוּם. “The Lord said: I will obliterate man [haadam]” – Rabbi Levi said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Even the lower millstone was obliterated. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Even the dust of Adam the first man was obliterated. When Rabbi Yehuda expounded this in public in Tzippori, they did not accept it from him. Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak said: Even the sacrum, from which the Holy One blessed be He will cause man to sprout in the future,6When the dead will be resurrected. was obliterated.
Hadrian, may his bones be crushed, once asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya, saying to him: From where will the Holy One blessed be He cause man to sprout in the future? He said to him: From the sacrum. He said to him: From where do you know this? He said to him: Bring one to me and I will show you. He ground it in a mill, but it did not become ground up. He placed it in water but it did not dissolve. He placed in on an anvil and began striking it with a hammer; the anvil split and the hammer broke and it [the sacrum] lacked nothing.
אֶמְחֶה. אֲנִי מַמְחֶה עַל בְּרִיּוֹתַי וְאֵין בְּרִיּוֹתַי מַמְחִים עַל יָדִי, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ אוֹצָרוֹת בְּלוּסִים, וְהָיוּ בְּנֵי הַמְדִינָה מְלִיזִין אַחֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ לֵאמֹר מִזְגוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ רָעָה, מֶה עָשָׂה הַמֶּלֶךְ פָּתַח לָהֶם הַמְאֻשָּׁרִים שֶׁבָּהֶם, וּמִלְּאוּ אֶת כָּל הַמְדִינָה סַרְיוּת, הִתְחִילוּ גּוֹרְפִים וּמַשְׁלִיכִים לַיְאוֹר, כָּךְ אֵלּוּ הַחֲשׁוּבִים שֶׁבָּהֶם כָּךְ עָשׂוּ, הַגְּרוּעִים שֶׁבָּהֶם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. (קהלת ז, כח): אָדָם אֶחָד מֵאָלֶף מָצָאתִי, כַּהֲדָא דִּתְנַן אִלְפָא לְיַיִן. אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָאתִי, אֶלֶף דּוֹר עָלוּ בַּמַּחֲשָׁבָה לְהִבָּרֹאת, וְכַמָּה נִמּוֹחוּ מֵהֶם, רַב הוּנָּא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אָמַר ט' מֵאוֹת וְע"ד דּוֹרוֹת, מַאי טַעְמֵיהּ (תהלים קה, ח): דָּבָר צִוָּה לְאֶלֶף דּוֹר, זֶה הַתּוֹרָה. רַבִּי לֵוִי מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן ט' מֵאוֹת וּשְׁמוֹנִים, מַאי טַעְמֵיהּ דָּבָר צִוָּה לְאֶלֶף דּוֹר, זוֹ הַמִּילָה. “I will obliterate [emḥe]” – I impose My will [mamḥe] upon My creations, but My creations do not impose their will [mamḥim] upon Me.
Rabbi Elazar said: This is analogous to a king who had storehouses of inferior grain. The residents of the province began slandering the king, saying that he had a bad disposition.7They said he was stingy, because he never opened the storehouses, which they assumed were full of good produce. What did the king do? He opened for them the best of them, and they filled the entire province with rotten produce. They [the residents] began gathering it up and discarding it into the river. So too, if these, the most notable among them, did so, the iniquitous among them all the more so.8If the generation of the Flood, which was composed of the best of all the possible men that God considered creating, were so corrupted, it was all the more so the case that the generations that were not created would have been corrupted.
“One man out of one thousand [elef] I have found” (Ecclesiastes 7:28) – this is like what we learned: The primary source [alfa] for wine.9This is from Menaḥot 86b, and the verse thus means: I have found one superior man, i.e., Noah.
“I will obliterate man whom I have created”10The implication is that there were also men whom God did not create, though He had intended to. – it was God’s original thought to create one thousand generations. How many of them were obliterated?11How many were not actually created? Rav Huna said in the name of Rabbi Eliezer son of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili: Nine hundred and seventy-four generations. What is his source? “He commanded the word for one thousand generations” (Psalms 105:8) – this is the Torah.12There were twenty-six generations from the creation of the world until the Torah was given, but it was originally intended to be given to the thousandth generation. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: Nine hundred and eighty. What is his source? “He commanded the word for one thousand generations, [the covenant that He sealed with Abraham]” (Psalms 105:8–9) – this is circumcision.13Which was commanded to Abraham, who was the twentieth generation from Adam.
אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא נַעֲשָׂה בַּעֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים מַה שֶׁלֹא נַעֲשָׂה בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, כְּתִיב בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל (בראשית ו, ה): וְכָל יֵצֶר מַחְשְׁבֹת לִבּוֹ רַק רַע כָּל הַיּוֹם, וּבַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים כְּתִיב (מיכה ב, א): הוֹי חשְׁבֵי אָוֶן וּפֹעֲלֵי רָע עַל מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָם, הֲרֵי זֶה בַּלַּיְלָה. וּמִנַיִן אַף בַּיּוֹם, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (מיכה ב, א): בְּאוֹר הַבֹּקֶר יַעֲשׂוּהָ, אוֹתָן לֹא נִשְׁתַּיֵּר מֵהֶם פְּלֵיטָה, וְאֵלּוּ נִשְׁתַּיֵּר מֵהֶן, אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת הַצַּדִּיקִים וְהַצַּדִּיקוֹת שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִין לַעֲמֹד מֵהֶן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יחזקאל יד, כב): וְהִנֵּה נוֹתְרָה בָּהּ פְּלֵטָה הַמּוּצָאִים בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת, הִנֵּה מוֹצִיאִים בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא הַמּוּצָאִים בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת, בִּזְכוּת הַצַּדִּיקִים וְהַצַּדִּיקוֹת הָעֲתִידִים לַעֲמֹד מֵהֶן. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה נַעֲשָׂה בְּשֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה וּבִנְיָמִין מַה שֶׁלֹא נַעֲשָׂה בַּסְּדוֹמִיִּים, בַּסְּדוֹמִיִּים כְּתִיב (בראשית יח, כ): וְחַטָּאתָם כִּי כָבְדָה מְאֹד, וּבְשֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה כְּתִיב (יחזקאל ט, ט): עֲוֹן בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה גָּדוֹל בִּמְאֹד מְאֹד, וְאוֹתָן לֹא נִשְׁתַּיֵּר מֵהֶם פְּלֵטָה, וְאֵלּוּ נִשְׁתַּיֵּר מֵהֶם פְּלֵטָה, אֶלָּא אוֹתָהּ (איכה ד, ו): הַהֲפוּכָה כְמוֹ רָגַע, לֹא פָּשְׁטוּ יְדֵיהֶם בַּמִּצְווֹת, (איכה ד, ו): לֹא חָלוּ בָה יָדָיִם, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם לֹא חָלַת יַד לְיַד, אֵלּוּ פָּשְׁטוּ יְדֵיהֶם בַּמִּצְווֹת, (איכה ד, י): יְדֵי נָשִׁים רַחֲמָנִיּוֹת בִּשְׁלוּ יַלְדֵיהֶן, כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה, (איכה ד, י): הָיוּ לְבָרוֹת לָמּוֹ בְּשֶׁבֶר בַּת עַמִּי. אָמַר רַבִּי חָנִין נֶאֱמַר בִּכְּרַכֵּי הַיָּם מַה שֶׁלֹא נַעֲשָׂה בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, (צפניה ב, ה): הוֹי ישְׁבֵי חֶבֶל הַיָּם גּוֹי כְּרֵתִים, גּוֹי שֶׁהָיָה רָאוּי כָּרֵת, וּבְאֵי זוֹ זְכוּת הֵן עוֹמְדִין, בִּזְכוּת גּוֹי אֶחָד, בִּזְכוּת יְרֵא שָׁמַיִם אֶחָד, שֶׁהָיוּ מַעֲמִידִין בְּכָל שָׁנָה. רַבִּי לֵוִי פָּתַר לָהּ לְשֶׁבַח, גּוֹי שֶׁכָּרַת בְּרִית, הֵיךְ מָה דְּאַתְּ אָמֵר (נחמיה ט, ח): וְכָרוֹת עִמּוֹ הַבְּרִית. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: What was not done [even] by the generation of the Flood was done by the ten tribes.14The ten tribes were even more sinful than the generation of the Flood. Regarding the generation of the Flood it is written: “And that every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil all the day” (Genesis 6:5), while regarding the ten tribes it is written: “Woe, the devisers of iniquity and the evildoers on their beds” (Micah 2:1) – that is at night. From where is it derived during the day as well? The verse states: “They perform it at the morning light” (Micah 2:1).15The generation of the Flood sinned all day, but the ten tribes sinned both by day and by night. [Yet] from these [the generation of the Flood], no remnant remained, whereas from those [the ten tribes] there was a remnant. However, it is due to the merit of the righteous men and women that were destined to arise from them. That is what is written: “But behold, a remnant has remained in it who are being taken out, sons and daughters” (Ezekiel 14:22). It is not written here, “they are taking out [motziim] sons and daughters,” but rather: “who are being taken out [mutza’im],16Mutza’im can also mean: those who will emerge. sons and daughters” – due to the merit of the righteous men and women who were destined to descend from them.
Rabbi Berekhya said: What was not done by the people of Sodom was done by the tribe of Judah and Benjamin. Regarding the people of Sodom it is written: “And their sin because it is very grave” (Genesis 18:20), but regarding the tribe of Judah it is written: “The iniquity of the house of Israel and Judah is very, very great” (Ezekiel 9:9). [Yet] from these [the people of Sodom], no remnant remained, whereas from those [Judah and Benjamin] there was a remnant. However, that one, “[Sodom], which was overthrown in a moment” (Lamentations 4:6) – because they did not extend their hands to do charitable deeds; “and no hands seized [ḥalu] it” (Lamentations 4:6) – Rabbi Tanḥum said: Hand did not reach out [ḥalat] to hand [to assist one another]. But these [Judah and Benjamin] did extend their hands to do charitable deeds: “The hands of merciful women cooked their children” (Lamentations 4:10). Why to that extent? “They were food [levarot] for them in the disaster of the daughter of my people” (Lamentations 4:10).17The verse is not to be understood literally, but means that these women kept food from their own children in order to provide first meals [havraa] for their mourning friends.
Rabbi Ḥanin said: What is not stated regarding the generation of the Flood is stated regarding coastal cities: “Woe to the inhabitants of the seacoast, nation [goy] of the Keretites” (Zephaniah 2:5) – a nation that was worthy of total annihilation [karet].18Whereas the generation of the Flood had Noah, who survived. So by what merit did they in fact endure? It is by the merit of one gentile [goy], by the merit of one God-fearing man, whom they would produce each year. Rabbi Levi interpreted it favorably: A nation that established [karat] a covenant,19The subject of that verse is the Philistines, who had made a covenant with Abraham (Genesis 21:27) and Isaac (Genesis 26:28). just as it says: “And established [vekharot] a covenant with him” (Nehemiah 9:8).
רַבִּי יוּדָן וְרַבִּי פִּנְחָס, רַבִּי יוּדָן אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁמָּסַר אֶת בְּנוֹ לְפַדְגוֹג וְהוֹצִיאוֹ לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה, כָּעַס הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל בְּנוֹ וַהֲרָגוֹ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ כְּלוּם הוֹצִיא אֶת בְּנִי לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה אֶלָּא זֶה, בְּנִי אָבֵד הוּא וְזֶה קַיָּם, לְפִיכָךְ מֵאָדָם עַד בְּהֵמָה עַד רֶמֶשׂ וְעַד עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם. רַבִּי פִּינְחָס אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה מַשִּׂיא אֶת בְּנוֹ וְעָשָׂה לוֹ חֻפָּה, סִיְדָהּ וְכִיְרָהּ וְצִיְרָהּ, כָּעַס הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל בְּנוֹ וַהֲרָגוֹ, מֶה עָשָׂה נִכְנַס לְתוֹךְ הַחֻפָּה הִתְחִיל לְשַׁבֵּר אֶת הַקַּנְקַנִּים מַפְקִיעַ בַּחִצָּאוֹת וּמְקָרֵעַ בַּכִּילָיוֹת, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ כְּלוּם עָשִׂיתִי זוֹ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל בְּנִי, בְּנִי אָבֵד וְזוֹ קַיֶּמֶת, לְפִיכָךְ (בראשית ו, ז): מֵאָדָם וְעַד בְּהֵמָה וְעַד עוֹף הַשָּׁמָיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (צפניה א, ב ג): אָסֹף אָסֵף כֹּל מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה נְאֻם ה', אָסֵף אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה אָסֵף עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּדְגֵי הַיָּם וְהַמַּכְשֵׁלוֹת אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים, הֵם הִכְשִׁילוּ אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים, כַּד הֲוָה צָיֵד עוֹפָא וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ זִיל וְאִשְׁתַּמֵּן וְאָתֵי, וְהוּא אָזֵל וּמִשְׁתַּמֵּן וְאָתֵי. Rabbi Yudan and Rabbi Pinḥas:20They discussed why the animals were killed in the Flood along with mankind. Rabbi Yudan said: This is analogous to a king who entrusted his son to a teacher who caused him to stray onto an evil path. The king became angry at his son and killed him. The king said: Was it not this man who caused him to stray onto an evil path? My son is lost; should this man endure? That is why: “[And the Lord said, I will obliterate…] from man to animal, to crawling creatures, to bird of the heavens.”21So too, the animals were the instrument through which mankind was led astray, as people would gorge themselves on fattened animals and fowl.
Rabbi Pinḥas said: This is analogous to a king who was marrying off his son and prepared a wedding chamber for him. He whitewashed it, painted it, and decorated it. The king grew angry at his son and killed him. What did he do? He entered the wedding chamber and began shattering the wood strips, breaking the walls, and ripping the curtains. The king said: Did I not prepare this only for my son? My son is lost; should this [structure] endure? That is why God destroyed “from man to animal…to bird of the heavens.” That is what is written: “I will destroy everything from upon the face of the earth – the utterance of the Lord. I will destroy man and animal, I will destroy the bird of the heavens, and the fish of the sea, and the stumbling blocks of the wicked” (Zephaniah 1:2–3) – it was they [the animals] that caused the wicked to stumble. When one would hunt a bird, he would say to it: Go get fat and come back, and it would go and get fat and come back [to be eaten].22Their hedonism, which ultimately led to their forsaking God, was facilitated by the animals, the birds, etc.
אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר (איוב כב, כ): אִם לֹא נִכְחַד קִימָנוּ, בַּתְּחִלָּה אִבֵּד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת מָמוֹנָן שֶׁלֹא יִהְיוּ אוֹמְרִים לְמָמוֹנֵנוּ הוּא צָרִיךְ, (איוב כב, כ): וְיִתְרָם אָכְלָה אֵשׁ, שֶׁהָיוּ רוֹאִים בָּלוֹרִיּוֹת שֶׁל זָהָב נִתָּרוֹת בָּאֵשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הַכֹּל קָרְאוּ תִּגָּר עַל הַכֶּסֶף וְעַל הַזָּהָב שֶׁיָּצָא עִמָּהֶם מִמִּצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה א, כב): כַּסְפֵּךְ הָיָה לְסִיגִים, (הושע ב, י): וְכֶסֶף הִרְבֵּיתִי לָהּ וְזָהָב עָשׂוּ לַבָּעַל. (הושע ח, ד): כַּסְפָּם וּזְהָבָם עָשׂוּ לָהֶם עֲצַבִּים לְמַעַן יִכָּרֵת, רַבִּי הוּנָא וְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק, לְמַעַן יִכָּרְתוּ אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא לְמַעַן יִכָּרֵת, כְּאִינֵישׁ דַּאֲמַר יִתְמְחֵק שְׁמֵיהּ דִּפְלַן דְּאַפְקֵיהּ לִבְרִי לְתַרְבּוּת בִּישָׁא. Rabbi Elazar said: “Surely, their substance was eradicated” (Job 22:20) – initially, the Holy One blessed be He eliminated their wealth, so they would not say: He needs our wealth. “And their wealth was consumed by fire” (Job 22:20) – [meaning] that they would see chunks of gold melting in the fire.
Rabbi Akiva said: Everyone reproached them [the Israelites] over the gold and silver that they took with them from Egypt, as it is stated: “Your silver has become dross” (Isaiah 1:22); “and I lavished upon her silver and the gold they used for the Baal” (Hosea 2:10); “With their silver and gold they crafted for themselves idols, so that it will be eliminated” (Hosea 8:4).23As discussed earlier, excessive wealth and decadence lead men astray. Rav Huna and Rabbi Yirmeya in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak: It is not written here, “so that they would be eliminated,” but rather, “so that it will be eliminated”24Referring to their great wealth of gold and silver. – like a person who says: May the name of so-and-so be obliterated because he caused my son to stray onto an evil path.25May the gold and silver be eliminated because they caused sin.
רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן אָמַר, הַכֹּל קִלְקְלוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, הַכֶּלֶב הָיָה הוֹלֵךְ אֵצֶל הַזְּאֵב, וְהַתַּרְנְגוֹל הָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ אֵצֶל הַטַּוָּס, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית ו, יב): כִּי הִשְׁחִית כָּל בָּשָׂר, הִשְׁחִית כָּל אָדָם אֵין כְּתִיב, אֶלָּא כִּי הִשְׁחִית כָּל בָּשָׂר. רַבִּי לוּלְיָאנִי בַּר טַבְרִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר אַף הָאָרֶץ זִנְּתָה, הָיוּ זָרְעִין לָהּ חִטִּין וְהִיא מַפְּקָא זוּנִין, אִילֵּין זוּנַיָּא רָבֵה מִן דָּרָא דְּמַבּוּלָא אִינּוּן. Rabbi Azarya said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon:26Returning to the question of why the animals were destroyed by the Flood along with mankind. They all corrupted their actions in the generation of the Flood – the dog would consort with the wolf, and the chicken would consort with the peacock. That is what is written: “As all flesh has corrupted [its path upon the earth]” (Genesis 6:12). It is not written, “all of mankind had corrupted,” but rather, “as all flesh had corrupted.” Rabbi Luleyani bar Tavrin said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: The earth itself also strayed; people would sow wheat and it would produce darnel.27Which is unfit for consumption. This darnel that grows [today], its origins are with the generation of the Flood.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשְׁפַּט דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ נָטְלוּ דִּינָם וְיִהְיֶה לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, דְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כָּל טִפָּה וְטִפָּה שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹרִיד עֲלֵיהֶם הָיָה מַרְתִּיחָהּ בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם וּמוֹצִיאָהּ וּמוֹרִידָהּ עֲלֵיהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (איוב ו, יז): בְּעֵת יְזֹרְבוּ נִצְמָתוּ, זְרִיבָתָם לַחְלֻטָנִית הָיְתָה. (קהלת ט, ו): גַּם אַהֲבָתָם, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹהֲבִים לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁלָּהֶם. (קהלת ט, ו): גַּם שִׂנְאָתָם, שֶׁהָיוּ שׂוֹנְאִים לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. (קהלת ט, ו): גַּם קִנְאָתָם, שֶׁהָיוּ מְקַנְּאִים לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בַּעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁלָּהֶם, (קהלת ט, ו): כְּבָר אָבָדָה, וְחֵלֶק אֵין לָהֶם עוֹד לְעוֹלָם. (קהלת ג, יח): עַל דִּבְרַת, (קהלת ט, ו): בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשָׂה תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא (בראשית ו, ז ח): כִּי נִחַמְתִּי כִּי עֲשִׂיתִם, וְנֹחַ מָצָא חֵן, אֶתְמְהָא, אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ נֹחַ שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּיֵּיר מֵהֶם לֹא שֶׁהָיָה כְּדַאי אֶלָּא שֶׁמָּצָא חֵן. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The sentence of the generation of the Flood lasted over the course of twelve months28Eduyot 2:10. – they received their [full] punishment, and they will have a share in the World to Come.29Some commentators emend the text to reflect the Mishna’s unambiguous assertion (Sanhedrin 107b) that the generation of the Flood will not have a share in the World to Come. It is as Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Each and every drop that the Holy One blessed be He rained down upon them, He would boil it in Gehenna and take it out and rain it down upon them. That is what is written: “When scorched, they disappear [nitzmatu]” (Job 6:17). Their scorching was absolute [laḥlutanit].30In Leviticus 25:23, Onkelos translates the word litzmitut, in perpetuity, as laḥalutin.
“Even their love” (Ecclesiastes 9:6)31This verse is seen as alluding to the generation of the Flood. – as they loved their idol worship; “even their hatred” (Ecclesiastes (9:6) – as they hated the Holy One blessed be He; “even their fury” (Ecclesiastes (9:6) – as they would infuriate the Holy One blessed be He with their idol worship; “they have already perished” (Ecclesiastes (9:6) – and they have no share in the world,32This apparently refers to the World to Come. referring to “anything that takes place under the sun” (Ecclesiastes 9:6).
Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: “As I regret that I made them, but Noah found favor [in God’s eyes]” (Genesis 6:7–8) – this is bewildering.33Interpreting venoaḥ as “and Noah,” rather than “but Noah.” Why is Noah included among the wicked?. However, even Noah, who [alone] remained from them, it is not that he was worthy, but rather that he found favor [in God’s eyes].